Lesson 1: Learning Theories Flashcards
coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn.
Learning Theories
Why do we need to study the different learning theories?
to apply in healthcare practice and understand how people learn and behave in many ways.
What are the five different learning theories?
Behaviorist
Cognitive
Social Learning
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
To change the behavior, change the environment
Behaviorist Theory
emphasizes the importance of STIMULUS CONDITIONS and ASSOCIATIONS formed in the learning process.
Classical Conditioning
Exposing one to his/her own fear of a specific stimulus in order to extinguish/unlearn/desensitize them
Systematic Desensitization
Tendency of an initial learning experience to be applied to a similar stimuli
Stimulus Generalization
The tendency of an extinguished response to reappear once there is a similar stimulus to the initial learning experience
Spontaneous Recovery
behavior of the organism and the REINFORCEMENT that occurs AFTER the response
Operant Conditioning
Adding appetitive stimulus
Positive reinforcement
Adding a noxious stimulus
Positive Punishment
Removing appetitive stimulus
Negative Punishment
Removing a noxious stimulus
Example: Turning off an alarm clock by hitting the snooze button.
Noxious Stimulus: Alarm clock
Desired behavior: Get out of bed
Negative Reinforcement Behavior: Hitting the snooze button
Negative Reinforcement (ESCAPE)
Avoiding a noxious stimulus
Example: Studying to avoid getting bad grades
Noxious stimulus: bad grades
Desired behavior: Studying
Negative reinforcement (ACTIVE AVOIDANCE)
To change the behavior, change the cognitions
COGNITIVE THEORY
memory, thought, perception, and processing/structuring information
Cognition
Perception is selective.
Gestalt Perspective
What are the four thinking processes?
Thought
Reasoning
Ways how information is encountered and stored
Memory functioning
Four Stages of Memmory
Attention
Processing
Memory Storage
Action
Gaining the learner’s attention
reception
Informing the learner of the objectives and expectations
expectancy
stimulate recall of prior learning
retrieval
presenting information
selective perception
providing guidance to facilitate understanding
semantic encoding
having the learner demonstrate the information or skill
responding
feedbacking
reinforcement
assessing the learner’s performance
retrieval
working to enhance retention and transfer through application and varied practice
generalization
best known cognitive developmental theorist
Jean Piaget
reflexes, instinctual actions
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs)
increasing symbolic thinking
preoperational (2-7 yrs)
logical reasoning on concrete events
concrete operational (7-11 yrs)
abstract and logical reasons
idealistic thoughts
formal operational (11-15 yrs)
to change behavior, change role models, perceived reinforcement, and the learner’s self-regulating mechanisms
Social Learning Theory
taking note of other people’s behavior and what happens to them
role modelling by albert bandura
role model with high status and competence are observed
attentional phase
storage and retrieval of what has been observed
retention phase
learner copies the observed behavior strengthened by mental rehearsal, immediate enactment, and corrective feedback
reproduction phase
learner is motivated to perform a certain type of behavior
motivational phase
to change behavior, change interpretations, make unconscious motivations conscious
Psychodynamic Theory by Sigmund Freud
to change behavior, change feelings, self-concept, and needs
Humanistic theory
individuals learn by acting and responding
behaviorist
individuals learn by perceptions and thoughts
cognitive
individuals learn by feelings and emotions
psychodynamic
individuals learn by demonstration and example
social
