LESSON 1 (1st ppt) Flashcards by hhshsjwy, pmmmamnhwg

The ______ defines health
education as “any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their
attitudes.”

World Health Organization

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It is the lifelong, dynamic process by which
individuals acquire new
knowledge or skills and alter
their thoughts,

Learning

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___ is defined as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of exposure to different experiences.

Learning

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A coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn

LEARNING THEORY

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______ are useful in acquiring
information and in situations involving human thought,
emotions, and social interaction.

Psychological learning theories

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To change behavior, change the stimulus conditions in the environment and the reinforcement after a
response

BEHAVIORIST THEORY

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BEHAVIORIST THEORY CONCEPT ARE:

stimulus conditions
reinforcement
response
drive

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_____ is of particular interest to nurses as they try to help their patients and students acquire or relearn
skills.

Motor learning

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also termed association learning, classical
conditioning, or Pavlovian
conditioning

Respondent conditioning

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emphasizes the importance
of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process.

Respondent conditioning

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Its concept includes stimulus conditions, reinforcement,
response, drive

BEHAVIORIST THEORY

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______ is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients.

Systematic desensitization

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a stimulus that has no special value or meaning to the learner

neutral stimulus

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______ is the tendency of
initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli.

Stimulus generalization

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______ is a useful respondent conditioning concept that needs to be given careful consideration in relapse
prevention programs.

Spontaneous recovery

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In this basic model of learning, a neutral stimulus (a stimulus that has no special value or meaning to the learner) is paired with a naturally
occurring unconditioned or unlearned stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR).

Respondent conditioning

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_____ helps us understand why it is so difficult to eliminate completely unhealthy habits and addictive behaviors such as smoking, alcoholism, and drug abuse.

Spontaneous recovery

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Operant conditioning, was developed largely by _____

B. F. Skinner.

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focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response.

Operant conditioning

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CONTINGENCIES TO INCREASE AND DECREASE THE PROBABILITY OF AN ORGANISM’S RESPONSE

OPERANT CONDITIONING MODEL

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When specific responses are
reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or
decreased.

Operant conditioning

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A ______ is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again.

reinforcer

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application of a pleasant stimulus

Positive reinforcement

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a pleasant stimulus is applied following an organism’s
response

Reward conditioning

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Factors to increase the probability of a response:

Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement

removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus

Negative reinforcement

as an aversive stimulus is applied, the organism makes a response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease

Escape conditioning

an aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism, which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event

Avoidance conditioning

as an unpleasant stimulus is being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to cease.

Escape Conditioning

following a response, an aversive stimulus is applied that the organism cannot escape or avoid

Punishment

has been used to explain some people’s tendency to become ill to avoid doing something they do not want to do.

Avoidance conditioning

the unpleasant stimulus is anticipated rather than being applied directly.

Avoidance conditioning

BEHAVIORIST DYNAMICS CONCEPTS

Motivation Educator Transfer

Factors to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response:

Nonreinforcement Punishment

practice and provide similarity in stimulus conditions and responses with a new situation

Transfer

an organism’s conditioned response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement (positive, negative, or punishment)

Nonreinforcement:

drives to be reduced, incentives

Motivation

active role; manipulates environmental stimuli and reinforcements to direct change

Educator

Learning occurs as the organism responds to stimulus conditions and forms associations.

RESPONDENT CONDITIONING

In respondent conditioning, a ____ is paired with an unconditioned stimulus–unconditioned response connection until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

neutral stimulus

Learning occurs as the organism responds to stimuli in the environment and is reinforced for making a particular response.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

A reinforcer is applied after a response, strengthening the probability that the response will be performed again under similar conditions.

OPERANT CONDITIONING

______ stress the importance of what goes on inside the learner

cognitive learning theorists

______ generally ignore the internal dynamics of learning

behaviorists

emphasizes the importance of perception in learning and lays the groundwork for various other cognitive perspectives that followed

gestalt perspective

_______ is composed of sub theories and is widely used in education and counseling. According to this perspective, the key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition

Cognitive theory

experiences fit with what they already know

assimilation

individual’s cognition includes:

perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information

____ is a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning.

Information processing

refers to the learner’s understanding of her way of learning.

metacognition

One of the oldest psychological theories

gestalt perspective

To aid learning at the input stage, some suggestions are to break the material into small parts or chunks, use memory tricks and techniques, relate the new material to something familiar, and put it into context for learners

mnemonic devices

According to _______ of cognitive learning, children take in or incorporate information as they interact with people and the environment.

Piaget’s theory

____ is the best known of the cognitive developmental theorists. His observations of children’s perceptions and thought processes at different ages have contributed much to our recognition of the unique, changing abilities of youngsters to reason, conceptualize, communicate, and perform.

Jean Piaget

Piaget identified and described four sequential stages of cognitive development:

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations.

To change behavior, work with the developmental stage and change cognitions, goals, expectations, equilibrium, and ways of processing information.

COGNITIVE THEORY

Social learning theory is largely based on the work of _____ who mapped out a perspective on learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment.

Albert Bandura

change their perceptions and interpretations in keeping with the new information

accommodation

some of the constructs from psychodynamic theory (based on the work of _____and his followers)

Sigmund Freud

have significant implications for learning and changing behavior It is largely a theory of motivation that stresses emotions rather than cognition or responses.

psychodynamic theory

This theory may be especially useful to healthcare professionals

psychodynamic theory

_____ emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, and the enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior.

psychodynamic perspective

The id includes two components: ____ (the desire for pleasure and sex, sometimes called the life force) and _____ (aggressive and destructive impulses, or the death wish).

eros & thanatos

Ignoring or refusing to acknowledge the reality of a threat

Denial

Minimizing anxiety by responding to a threat in a detached, abstract manner without feeling or emotion

Intellectualization

Excusing or explaining away a threat

Rationalization

Seeing one’s own unacceptable characteristics or desires in other people

Projection

Countering the id (primitive drives) is the _____, which involves the internalized societal values and standards, or the conscience.

superego

Taking out hostility and aggression on other individuals rather than directing anger at the source of the threat

Displacement

Keeping unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from conscious awareness

Repression

Returning to an earlier (less mature, more primitive) stage of behavior as a way of coping with a threat

Regression

Converting repressed feelings into socially acceptable action

Sublimation

Expressing or behaving the opposite of what is really felt

Reaction formation

____ a major contributor to humanistic theory, is perhaps best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs, which he says plays an important role in human motivation.

Abraham Maslow

Making up for weaknesses by excelling in other areas

Compensation

a person tries to cancel out or remove an unhealthy, destructive or otherwise threatening thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior.

Undoing