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HEALTH ED (MISS CRISTIL) > LESSON 1 (1st ppt) > Flashcards

LESSON 1 (1st ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ defines health
education as “any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their
attitudes.”

A

World Health Organization

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2
Q

It is the lifelong, dynamic process by which
individuals acquire new
knowledge or skills and alter
their thoughts,

A

Learning

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2
Q

___ is defined as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of exposure to different experiences.

A

Learning

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3
Q

A coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn

A

LEARNING THEORY

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3
Q

______ are useful in acquiring
information and in situations involving human thought,
emotions, and social interaction.

A

Psychological learning theories

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4
Q

To change behavior, change the stimulus conditions in the environment and the reinforcement after a
response

A

BEHAVIORIST THEORY

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4
Q

BEHAVIORIST THEORY CONCEPT ARE:

A

stimulus conditions
reinforcement
response
drive

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4
Q

_____ is of particular interest to nurses as they try to help their patients and students acquire or relearn
skills.

A

Motor learning

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4
Q

also termed association learning, classical
conditioning, or Pavlovian
conditioning

A

Respondent conditioning

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4
Q

emphasizes the importance
of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process.

A

Respondent conditioning

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4
Q

Its concept includes stimulus conditions, reinforcement,
response, drive

A

BEHAVIORIST THEORY

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4
Q

______ is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologists to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients.

A

Systematic desensitization

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5
Q

a stimulus that has no special value or meaning to the learner

A

neutral stimulus

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5
Q

______ is the tendency of
initial learning experiences to be easily applied to other similar stimuli.

A

Stimulus generalization

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5
Q

______ is a useful respondent conditioning concept that needs to be given careful consideration in relapse
prevention programs.

A

Spontaneous recovery

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5
Q

In this basic model of learning, a neutral stimulus (a stimulus that has no special value or meaning to the learner) is paired with a naturally
occurring unconditioned or unlearned stimulus (UCS) and unconditioned response (UCR).

A

Respondent conditioning

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5
Q

_____ helps us understand why it is so difficult to eliminate completely unhealthy habits and addictive behaviors such as smoking, alcoholism, and drug abuse.

A

Spontaneous recovery

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5
Q

Operant conditioning, was developed largely by _____

A

B. F. Skinner.

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5
Q

focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response.

A

Operant conditioning

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5
Q

CONTINGENCIES TO INCREASE AND DECREASE THE PROBABILITY OF AN ORGANISM’S RESPONSE

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING MODEL

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5
Q

When specific responses are
reinforced on the proper schedule, behaviors can be either increased or
decreased.

A

Operant conditioning

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5
Q

A ______ is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthens the probability that the response will be performed again.

A

reinforcer

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6
Q

application of a pleasant stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement

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6
Q

a pleasant stimulus is applied following an organism’s
response

A

Reward conditioning

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6
Q

Factors to increase the probability of a response:

A

Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement

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6
Q

removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus

A

Negative reinforcement

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6
Q

as an aversive stimulus is applied, the organism makes a
response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease

A

Escape conditioning

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6
Q

an aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism, which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event

A

Avoidance conditioning

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6
Q

as an unpleasant stimulus is
being applied, the individual responds in some way that causes the uncomfortable stimulation to cease.

A

Escape Conditioning

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6
Q

following a response, an aversive stimulus is applied that the organism cannot escape or avoid

A

Punishment

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6
Q

has been used to explain some people’s tendency to become ill to avoid doing something they
do not want to do.

A

Avoidance conditioning

6
Q

the unpleasant stimulus is
anticipated rather than being applied directly.

A

Avoidance conditioning

6
Q

BEHAVIORIST DYNAMICS CONCEPTS

A

Motivation
Educator
Transfer

7
Q

Factors to decrease or extinguish the probability of a response:

A

Nonreinforcement
Punishment

7
Q

practice and provide similarity in stimulus conditions and responses with a new situation

A

Transfer

7
Q

an organism’s conditioned response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement (positive, negative, or punishment)

A

Nonreinforcement:

7
Q

drives to be reduced, incentives

A

Motivation

7
Q

active role; manipulates environmental stimuli and reinforcements to direct change

A

Educator

7
Q

Learning occurs as the organism responds to stimulus
conditions and forms associations.

A

RESPONDENT CONDITIONING

8
Q

In respondent conditioning, a ____ is paired with an unconditioned stimulus–unconditioned response connection until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that
elicits the conditioned response.

A

neutral stimulus

9
Q

Learning occurs as the organism responds to stimuli in the environment and is reinforced for making a particular response.

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING

10
Q

A reinforcer is applied after a response, strengthening the
probability that the response will be performed again under
similar conditions.

A

OPERANT CONDITIONING

10
Q

______ stress the importance of
what goes on inside the learner

A

cognitive learning theorists

10
Q

______ generally ignore the internal dynamics of
learning

A

behaviorists

10
Q

emphasizes the importance of perception in learning and lays the groundwork for various other cognitive perspectives that followed

A

gestalt perspective

10
Q

_______ is composed of sub theories and is widely used in education and counseling.
According to this perspective, the key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition

A

Cognitive theory

10
Q

experiences fit with what
they already know

A

assimilation

10
Q

individual’s cognition includes:

A

perception, thought, memory, and ways of processing and structuring information

10
Q

____ is a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning.

A

Information processing

10
Q

refers to the learner’s
understanding of her way of learning.

A

metacognition

10
Q

One of the oldest psychological theories

A

gestalt perspective

11
Q

To aid learning at the input stage, some suggestions are
to break the material into small parts or chunks, use memory tricks and techniques, relate the new material to something familiar, and put it into context for learners

A

mnemonic devices

11
Q

According to _______ of cognitive learning, children take in or incorporate information as they interact with people and the environment.

A

Piaget’s theory

11
Q

____ is the best known of the cognitive developmental theorists. His observations of children’s perceptions and thought processes at different ages have contributed much to our recognition of the unique,
changing abilities of youngsters to reason, conceptualize, communicate, and perform.

A

Jean Piaget

11
Q

Piaget identified and described four sequential stages of cognitive development:

A

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and
formal operations.

11
Q

To change behavior, work with the developmental stage and change cognitions, goals, expectations, equilibrium,
and ways of processing information.

A

COGNITIVE THEORY

11
Q

Social learning theory is largely based on the work of _____ who mapped out a perspective on learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and the environment.

A

Albert Bandura

11
Q

change their perceptions and
interpretations in keeping with the new information

A

accommodation

11
Q

some of the constructs from psychodynamic theory (based on the work of _____and his followers)

A

Sigmund Freud

11
Q

have significant implications for learning and changing behavior It is largely a theory of motivation that stresses emotions rather than cognition or responses.

A

psychodynamic theory

11
Q

This theory may be especially useful to healthcare professionals

A

psychodynamic theory

12
Q

_____ emphasizes the importance of conscious and unconscious forces in guiding behavior, personality conflicts, and the enduring effects of childhood experiences on adult behavior.

A

psychodynamic perspective

12
Q

The id includes two components: ____ (the desire for pleasure and sex, sometimes called the life force) and _____ (aggressive and destructive impulses,
or the death wish).

A

eros & thanatos

12
Q

Ignoring or refusing to acknowledge the reality of a threat

A

Denial

12
Q

Minimizing anxiety by responding to a threat in a detached, abstract manner without feeling or emotion

A

Intellectualization

12
Q

Excusing or explaining away a threat

A

Rationalization

12
Q

Seeing one’s own unacceptable characteristics or desires in other people

A

Projection

12
Q

Countering the id (primitive drives) is the _____, which
involves the internalized societal values and standards, or the conscience.

A

superego

12
Q

Taking out hostility and aggression on other individuals rather than directing anger at the source of the threat

A

Displacement

12
Q

Keeping unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from conscious awareness

A

Repression

12
Q

Returning to an earlier (less mature, more primitive) stage of behavior as a way of coping with a threat

A

Regression

12
Q

Converting repressed feelings into socially acceptable action

A

Sublimation

13
Q

Expressing or behaving the opposite of what is really felt

A

Reaction formation

13
Q

____ a major contributor to humanistic theory, is perhaps best known for identifying the hierarchy of needs, which he says plays an important role in human motivation.

A

Abraham Maslow

13
Q

Making up for weaknesses by excelling in other areas

A

Compensation

13
Q

a person tries to cancel out or remove an unhealthy, destructive or otherwise threatening thought or action by engaging in contrary behavior.

A

Undoing

HEALTH ED (MISS CRISTIL) (6 decks)

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