Lesson 1 Flashcards
Derived from a greek word “Anatome”
Anatomy
Meaning to cut up
Anatome
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties:
Gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and embryology
studies body structure without microscope.
Gross anatomy
studies functional relationships of organs within a system
Systemic Anatomy
studies body part regionally.
Regional anatomy
Regional Anatomy:
Skull
Thorax
Abdomen
Upper limb (Arm)
Head and Neck
requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body
Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
Is the branch of anatomy that covers the structural changes that cells, tissues, organs and the human body undergo from fertilization to adulthood.
Developmental Anatomy
The study of how an embryo develops into a fetus ad eventually a baby.
Embryology Anatomy
It is a branch of biology that includes the study of fertilization, gamete development, and the prenatal development of embryos and fetuses.
Embryology Anatomy
derived from a Greek word for study of nature.
Physiology
It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
Physiology
studied together to give students a full appreciation and understanding of human body.
Anatomy and Physiology
When structure and function are coordinated the body achieves a relative stability of its internal environment called _______________staying the same.
Homeostasis
Is maintained by adaptive mechanisms ranging from control centre in the brain to chemical substances called hormones that are secreted by various organs directly into the blood streams.
Homeostasis
At its simplest level, the body is composed of atoms. The most common elements in living organism are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur.
Atoms, molecules and compounds
The smallest independent units of life. All life depends on the many chemical activities of______
Cell
Its basic functions are growth, metabolism, irritability and reproduction.
Cell
made up of many similar cells that perform a specific function.
Tissue
The various tissues of the body are divided in to four groups. These are:
Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissue
Found in the outer layer of skin, lining of organs, blood and lymph vessels and body cavities.
Epithelial tissue
Connects and supports most part of the body. They constitute most part of skin, bone and tendons.
Connective tissue
Produces movement through its ability to contract. This constitutes skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles.
Muscle tissue
Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It responds to various types of stimuli and transmits nerve impulses.
Nerve tissue
Is an integrated collection of two or more kinds of tissue that works together to perform specific function.
Organ
Is a group of organs that work together to perform major function.
System
The various organs of the body form the entire organism.
Organism Level
The language of anatomy will probably be unfamiliar to you at first.
Anatomical Terminologies
universally accepted as the starting points for positional references to the body. Here position of the subject is standing erect and facing the observer, the feet are together, and the arms are hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
Anatomical Position
are used when anatomists describe the location of the body part.
Standardized terms of reference
means the location of one part of the body is always described in relation to another part of the body.
Relative
the part of the body near the axis of the body. This includes head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
Axial body part
the part of the body out of the axis line. This includes the upper and lower extremities.
Appendicular body part
imaginary surfaces or planes lines that divide the body in to sections. This helps for further identification of specific areas.
Body planes
divides the body into right and left half.
Saggital plane
divides body into equal left and right halves.
Mid saggital plane
divides body into unequal left and right
Para sagittal plane
divides the body into asymmetrical antererior and posterior sections.
Frontal plane
divides the body into upper and lower body section.
Transverse plane
divides the body obliquely into upper and lower section.
Oblique plane
house the internal organs, which commonly referred to as the viscera.
Cavities of the body
The cavities of the body house the internal organs, which commonly referred to as the
Viscera
constitutes the thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic body cavity
Ventral body cavity
houses lung and heart. It is protected by the rib cage & associated musculature and the sternum anteriorly.
Thoracic Cavity
It consists of the right and left pleural cavities and mediastinum (the portion of tissues and organs that separates the left and right lung).
Thoracic cavity
extends from the diaphragm inferior to the floor of the pelvis. It is divided into superior abdominal and inferior pelvic cavity by imaginary line passing at upper pelvis.
Abdomino-pelvic cavity
contains the stomach, intestine, liver, spleen and gallbladder.
Abdominal cavity
contains urinary bladder, rectum, and portions of the reproductive organs.
Pelvic cavity
it constitutes the cephalic cavity containing brain and the vertebral canal containing the spinal cord.
Dorsal body cavity
Lying on back, upward
Supine
Lying on front, face downward
Prone
