LESSON 1 Flashcards
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
It was the period of enlightenment (16th–18th century) when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.
Scientific Revolution
It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
Science as an idea
It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
Science as an intellectual activity.
It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science.
Science as a body of knowledge.
This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop a better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.
Science as a personal and social activity.
- One of the Renaissance men, particularly in the field of science.
- The first European scientist to propose the heliocentric theory of the solar system.
- Placed the Sun at the center of the universe (not the Earth).
- Published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543).
- Challenged the Ptolemaic (Geocentric) Model.
- Idea initially rejected by the Catholic Church.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
- Famous for his theory of evolution.
- Wrote On the Origin of Species (1859).
- Proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.
- Argued that species adapt over time based on environmental pressures.
- Challenged religious explanations of life’s origins.
Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)
- Famous figure in the field of psychology.
- Developed psychoanalysis—a method to study the human mind.
- Focused on the unconscious mind and human sexuality.
- Contributions influenced psychology, philosophy, and literature.
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)
It includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America.
Mesoamerica
- One of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
- Advanced astronomy, calendar systems, and mathematics (concept of zero).
Maya civilization
Also famous in Mesoamerica. They made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
Inca civilization
The scientific ideas and tools that Incas developed to help them in everyday life:
- roads paved with stones
- stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters
- irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land
- calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season
- the first suspension bridge
- quipu
- Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.
It is the system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret.
Quipu
Has made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.
Aztec civilization
The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get educated.
Mandatory education
The Aztec in Mexico developed __________ during their time. In the Mayan culture, they used it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
Chocolates
They used a type of _____________ __________ that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
Antispasmodic medication
It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
Chinampa
This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
Aztec calendar
A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.
Invention of the canoe
It is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern borders.
India
It is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
Ayurveda
Ancient texts that describes different surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient India.
Susruta Samhita
Siddhanta Shiromani covered topics such as:
- mean longitudes of the planets
- true longitudes of the planets
- the three problems of diurnal rotation
- syzygies
- lunar eclipses
- solar eclipses
- latitudes of the planets
- risings and settings
- the moon’s crescent
- conjunctions of the planets with each other
- conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars
- the paths of the Sun and Moon
The people of this civilization, according to Bisht (1982), tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler.
Mohenjo-daro ruler
Introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and techniques, as well as algorithms of algebra.
Aryabhatiya by the Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata
He suggested that gravity was a force of attraction, and lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, allowing the ____________ _______ ______ now used universally throughout the world
Brahmagupta
Hindu-Arabic numeral system
Considered as the founder of mathematical analysis.
Madhava of Sangamagrama
One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others.
China
A traditional Chinese medical practice involving thin needles inserted into the skin to treat illnesses.
Acupuncture
Name four major Chinese technological inventions.
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, printing.
Are dominantly occupied by Muslims.
Middle East Countries
With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, or what is called the ______ ___ __ _____ lasted until the 13th century.
Golden Age of Islam
- He is the “Father of Optics”
- He provided empirical proof for the intromission theory of light.
Ibn al-Haytham
Who is credited with the development of algorithms and algebra?
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.
The “Father of Chemistry”
Jabir ibn Hayyan.
- Pioneered experimental medicine and clinical trials
- He discovered the contagious nature of diseases and introduced clinical pharmacology.
Ibn Sina
Ibn Sina’s two major medical works
The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
What led to the decline of the Golden Age of Islam?
Mongol conquests in the 11th to 13th century, which destroyed libraries and learning institutions.
What fields did ancient Egyptian civilization contribute to?
Astronomy, mathematics, and medicine.
Why was geometry developed in ancient Egypt?
To preserve the layout and ownership of farmlands along the Nile River.
What architectural structures showcase Egypt’s advanced civilization?
The pyramids and early dams built to divert the Nile River.
What was Egypt known for in chemistry?
Alchemy, the medieval forerunner of chemistry.
How did Egyptians apply scientific methods to medicine?
They used examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
What types of calendars did ancient Africans use?
Lunar, solar, and stellar calendars.
Where did North Africa and the Nile Valley import iron technology from?
The Near East region.
What were metal tools used for in ancient Africa?
Homes, agriculture, and architecture.
What is the oldest known mathematical artifact in Africa?
The Lebombo Bone, dated to 35,000 BCE.
What was the possible use of the Lebombo Bone?
A tool for multiplication, division, and simple calculations, or a lunar calendar.
What mathematical concepts were ancient Egyptians skilled in?
The four fundamental operations, algebra, and geometry.
What mathematical advancements did Islamic regions in Africa benefit from?
Algebra, geometry, and trigonometry.
