LESSON 1 Flashcards
The word philosophy came from the two words, ____ & _____
philos & sophia
philo means _____
love
sophia means ____
wisdom
started in Athens of Ancient Greece at around 600 BCE
understanding elements, mathematics. heavenly bodies,
atoms, and man,
PHILOSOPHY
Ancient Greek Philosopher, Scholar,
Teacher
SOCRATES
Mentor of Plato
He was not a writer, and his
works were only known through
Plato’s writing
SOCRATES
Considered to be the main source of Western Thought
SOCRATES
Also called dialectic method
SOCRATIC
METHOD
Method of inquiry consisting of
series of questions to search for the
correct/proper definition of a thing
The goal of this method is to bring
the person closer to the final
understanding
SOCRATIC
METHOD
“the unexamined life is not worth
living”
SOCRATES’ VIEW
OF HUMAN NATURE
Touching the soul may mean
helping the person to get in touch
with his/her true self
SOCRATES’ VIEW
OF HUMAN NATURE
He believed that a person will
become wiser by reaching inside
themselves, to learn continuously,
and to look for answers
SOCRATES’ VIEW
OF HUMAN NATURE
Aristocles (428-348 BCE)
The Academy
He wrote more than 20 Dialogues
with Socrates as protagonist in most of them
PLATO
the physical
world is not the real world; ultimate
reality exists beyond our physical
world
THEORY OF FORMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMS
- ageless and therefore are eternal
- unchanging and permanent
- unmoving and indivisible
PLATO’S DUALISM
Realm of Shadows
Realm of Forms
sensible things
which are imperfect and flawed
Realm of Shadows
composed of
eternal things which are permanent
and perfect
Realm of Forms
Humans have the immortal, rational
soul that is created in the image of
divine
PLATO’S VIEW OF
HUMAN NATURE
People are intrinsically good and
ignorance equates with evil
PLATO’S VIEW OF
HUMAN NATURE
THREE COMPONENTS OF THE SOUL
- The Reason
- The Spirited
- The Appetites
rational; good and
truth
The Reason
non-rational; drive
The Spirited
irrational; desire
The Appetites
Allegory of the Cave
“the more the person knows, the
more he is and the better he is.”
PLATO’S THEORY
OF LOVE AND
BECOMING
“love is the way by which a person
can move from a state of imperfect
knowledge and ignorance to a state
of perfection and true knowledge”
PLATO’S THEORY
OF LOVE AND
BECOMING
Christian Philosopher
He initially rejected Christianity for it seemed to him that it could not
provide him answers to questions
that interested him
ST. AUGUSTINE
OF HIPPO
He wanted to know about moral evil and why it existed in people and he also questions sufferings in the world
ST. AUGUSTINE
OF HIPPO
TWO REALMS IN UNDERSTANDING
HUMAN NATURE ACCORDING TO ST. AUGUSTINE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
- God as the source of all reality and truth
- The sinfulness of man
“God is love and he created humans for them to also love”
[ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO]
THE ROLE OF LOVE
“Disordered love results when people love the wrong things which was believed to give him/her happiness”
[ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO]
THE ROLE OF LOVE
Physical objects
greed
Not lasting and excessive love
for people
jealousy
Self
pride
God
supreme virtue and real
happiness
Father of Modern Philosophy
Rationalist
RENE
DESCARTES
Employed scientific method and
mathematics in his philosophy
Cartesian Method and Analytic
Geometry
RENE
DESCARTES
TWO POWERS OF THE HUMAN MIND
- Intuition
- Deduction
ability to apprehend
direction of certain truths
Intuition
power to discover what
is not known by progressing an
orderly way from what is already
known
Deduction
“I think, therefore I am”
Cogito ergo sum
Cogito ergo sum
The cognitive aspect of human
nature is his basis for the existence
of the self
DESCARTES’ VIEW
ON HUMAN NATURE
Soul/mind/self
is a substance separate from the body
THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM
Born in Wrington, England
His works focuses on the workings
of the human mind, particularly,
acquisition of knowledge
JOHN LOCKE
He believed that knowledge results
from ideas produced a posteriori by
objects that were experienced
Tabula Rasa
JOHN LOCKE
Morals, religious and political values must came from sense experiences
“Greatest Possible Good”
LOCKE’ VIEW OF
HUMAN NATURE
Morality has to do with choosing the good
LOCKE’ VIEW OF
HUMAN NATURE
Moral Good depends on conformity
or non-conformity towards some law
Law of Opinion
Civil Law
Divine Law
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland
Empiricism, Skepticism
After reading the Philosophy of John Locke, he never again entertained any belief in religion
DAVID HUME
[DAVID HUME]
Mind receives materials from sense
and calls it perceptions and it has
two types:
- Impressions
- Ideas
immediate sensation of external reality
Impressions
recollections of impressions
Ideas
Other Philosophers called the
human nature as the ‘soul’ but
He termed it ‘the self’
HUME’S VIEW ON
HUMAN NATURE
he concluded that we have no
sense of impression of a self, thus,
we already have the idea of the so-
called ‘self’ inside us
DAVID HUME
[DAVID HUME]
The self is a product of our
imagination and there is no such
thing as ____
‘personal identity’
Born in Konisberg, East Prusia
(Western Russie)
IMMANUEL
KANT
IMMANUEL KANT wrote three books which are the
Critique of Pure Reason
Critique of Practical Reason
Critique of Judgment
he argued that the mind is not
just a passive receiver of sense
experience but
rather actively
participates in knowing the objects
it experiences
KANT’S VIEW
OF THE MIND
He also stated that instead of the
mind conforming to the world, the
external world is the one who
conforms to the mind
KANT’S VIEW
OF THE MIND
English Philosopher
he proposed ghost in the machine
GILBERT RYLE
human consciousness and mind are very dependent on the human brain
Man is endowed with freewill and it
was invented to determine if an
action deserves a praise or blame
Ghost in the Machine
[GILBERT RYLE]
TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
Knowing-that
Knowing-how
Austrian Neurologists
One of the pioneering figures in the
field of Psychology
SIGMUND
FREUD
Founder of psychoanalysis
The unconscious mind
Hysteria
Free association, dream analysis,
hypnoses
SIGMUND
FREUD
LEVELS OF
MENTAL LIFE
Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious
contains all those drives,
urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate
most of our words, feelings, and actions
Unconscious
contains all the elements
that are not conscious but can become conscious either readily of with some difficulty
Preconscious
mental elements
in awareness at any given point in time
Conscious
PROVINCES OF
THE MIND
Id Ego Superego
pleasure principle
id
life instinct
eros
death instinct
thanatos
reality principle
ego
moralistic/idealistic
principle
superego
An individual is a product of his past lodges within his subconscious
FREUD’S VIEW OF
HUMAN NATURE
We live our lives by balancing the
forces of life and death - opposing
forces that make mere existence a
challenge
FREUD’S VIEW OF
HUMAN NATURE
Psychological strategies that are
unconsciously used to protect a
person from anxiety arising from
unacceptable thoughts or feeling
DEFENSE
MECHANISM
DEFENSE MECHANISM
- Repression
- Denial
- Projection
- Displacement
- Regression
- Sublimation
- Reaction Formation
- Fixation
- Introjection
Canadian Philosophers
Combined neurology and
philosophy in addressing the age-
old problem (mind-body)
PATRICIA & PAUL
CHURCHLAND
Brain-mind “There isn’t a special
thin called the mind. The mind is
just the brain”.
Patricia Churchland
Brain = Self
PATRICIA & PAUL
CHURCHLAND
Abnormalities physiology
on the brain leads to deviant thoughts, feelings, and actions
PATRICIA & PAUL
CHURCHLAND
facilities socially
accepted behavior
Normal Brain
gives rise to aberrant behaviors
Compromised Brain
The body-subject concept
Phenomenology provides a direct
description of the human experience while perception forms
the background of the experience
which serves to guide man’s
MAURICE
MERLEAU-PONTY
Perception is not constant
MAURICE
MERLEAU-PONTY
Forget bad memories, traumas
Repression
Refusal to accept reality
Denial
Projecting negative feelings to others
Ex: you’re angry but don’t want to admit it, so you accuse someone else of being angry
Projection
Shifting feelings from the real target to a safer one
Ex: upset with boss so you take it out on a friend or a family member
Displacement
Going back to childlike behavior
Ex: an adult might throw a tantrum or seek comfort like hug a stuffed toy
Regression
Reverting negative feelings to something positive
Ex: feeling sad so you exercise
Sublimation
Hiding their true feelings by doing the exact opposite of what they actually feel
Ex: A person feels jealous of her friend, so she overly praises her friend which hides her true feelings
Reaction Formation
Unresolved past experiences affects someone’s behavior in later stages of life
Ex: a persona experienced a lot of stress during earlier stages of life, they might develop oral fixations as an adult such as nail biting
Fixation
Absorbing other people’s emotions
Ex: adapting their beliefs, values, behaviors which leads to lack of personal identity
Introjection
