Lesson 1 Flashcards
Philosophical Perspective of SELF (42 cards)
The self is synonymous with the soul
- He believes that every human possesses an immortal soul that survives the physical body
- First to focus on the full power of reason on the human self: who we are, who we should be, and who will become.
Socrates
three kinds of the soul
includes the physical body that can grow
Vegetative soul
The soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.
- He suggest that anything with life has a soul and soul is the essence of all living things/self
The rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life
- He posits that part of the rational world is characterized by moral virtues such as justice and courage
ARISTOTLE
three-part soul/self : – the divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choice, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truth
Reason
The Self Is The Way People Behave
Gilbert Ryle
Philosophical methods
questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation.
three-part soul/self : – includes basic emotions such as love, anger, ambition, aggressiveness and empathy
Spirit or passion
this philosopher Suggest that man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value
The individual person can have a meaningful and happy life only if he becomes virtuous and knows the value of himself that can be achieved through incessant soul-searching.
Socrates
He believes that the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition of a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.
- “I act therefore I am”
- The self is the same as bodily behavior
- The mind is the totality of human disposition that is known through the people behave
- He is convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the human self.
Gilbert Ryle
SIGMUND FREUD – contains material that is not threatening and easily brought to mind.
Preconscious self
Socrates Suggest that reality consist of two dichotomous realms
physical realms (changeable, transients, and imperfect) and ideal realms (unchanging, eternal, and immortal)
Two-dimension of the human self
as a non-material, immortal, conscious being, and independent of physical laws of universe
Thinking self (soul)
The Soul Is The Essence Of The Self
ARISTOTLE
three kinds of the soul includes the intellectual that allows man to know and understand things. It is what makes the man human
Rational soul
The Self Is Multi-layered
SIGMUND FREUD
I Think Therefore I Am
RENE DESCARTES
came from Greek word “philosophia”, literally means “love of wisdom”
Philosophy
Argues that all knowledge about the self is based on the phenomena of experience
- The ‘I’ is a single integrated core identity, a combination of mental, physical, and emotional structures around a core identity of the self
- Mind and body are unified
- Consciousness is a dynamic form responsible for actively structuring conscious ideas and physical behavior
- Perception is not merely a consequence of the sensory experience, rather it is a conscious experience. Thus, the self has embodied subjectivity.
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
SIGMUND FREUD
– govern by “pleasure principle”. Basic instinctual drives including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-destruction; traumatic memories, unfulfilled wishes and childhood fantasies; thought and feelings that would be considered socially taboo.
Unconscious self
The self of personal identity is constructed primarily from sense experiences – what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel
- Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self.
- The essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as thinking, reasoning, and reflecting the identity
- He contends that consciousness accompanies thinking and makes possible the concept people have the self.
- The power of reason and introspections enables one to understand and achieve accurate conclusion about the self (or personal identity)
JOHN LOCKE
The Self Is Consciousness
JOHN LOCKE
three-part soul/self : includes basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire
Physical Appetite –
Advocates the idea of eliminative materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and physiology of the body
- The physical brain and not the imaginary mind, gives people the sense of self
- The mind does not really exist because it cannot be experienced by the senses
PAUL CHURCHLAND
He believes that the physical body is radically different from the inferior to its inhabitant, the immortal soul.
- He viewed that body as the spouse of the soul, both attached to one another by a natural appetite. The soul is what governs and defines man
- Believe that the body is united with the soul, so that man may be entire or complete
- In his work, Confessions, humankind is created in the image and likeness of God
- He convinced that self is known only through knowing God
- For him, “knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us”
- Self-knowledge is a consequence of knowledge of God
Aurelius Augustinus
