LESSON 1 Flashcards
The branch of science that explores the chemical processes and substances within living organisms.
biochemistry
The branch of biochemistry that studies how chemical compounds found in medicine interact with the molecular components of cells such as nucleic acids, proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
a molecule that is relatively smaller or of low molecular weight.
Micromolecule
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms
Macromolecule
A molecule that is produced by or
involved in the processes of living organisms
BIOMOLECULE
Four major types of biomolecules:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Two types of cell:
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
PROKARYOTIC CELLS
Parts of PROKARYOTIC CELLS:
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule
Nucleoid
Ribosome
Pili
Flagella
a protective cover made of phospholipids and proteins
Cell membrane
rigid layer that provide structure and protection from the outside
environment
cell wall
layer of polysaccharides that helps the cell stick to a surface
Capsule
region where genetic material is found
nucleoid
molecules that make proteins
ribosome
rod-shaped structures
pili
thin, hair-like structure
flagella
Parts of EUKARYOTIC CELL:
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
CYTOSKELETON
ENDOPLASMIC RETICUL
GOLGI APPARATUS
LYSOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA
NUCLEUS
PEROXISOMES
RIBOSOMES
holds and protects the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
Components of the cell membrane:
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
CHOLESTEROL
PROTEIN
often used to describe the membrane
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
increases the fluidity of the membrane
cholesterol
inserted/ embedded on cell membrane ; acts as transport
Integral protein
loosely attached, protruding out of the cell ; acts as receptor
Peripheral protein
primary difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Nucleus
Three components of nucleus:
nucleoplasm
chromosomes
nuclear membrane
gelatinous matrix or base material of the nucleus
nucleoplasm
either embedded or suspended in the nucleoplasm(double helix
chromosomes
serves as skin around nucleus which contains holes (nuclear pores) through which large molecules can enter or exit
nuclear membrane
where tRNA molecule is manufactured
nucleolus
semifluid, gelatinous, nutrient matrix which houses important organelles in the
cell like the golgi apparatus, ER, mitochondria, vacuoles
cytoplasm
semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
highly convoluted(very twisted) system of membranes that are interconnected and arranged to form a transport network of tubules and flattened sacs within the
cytoplasm.
endoplasmic reticulum
attaches to the outer surface of the membrane
rough ER
not attached to the membrane
smooth ER
consists of rRNA
used for manufacturing of proteins
ribosomes
clusters of ribosomes held together by a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA)
polyribosomes/polysomes
polysomes composed by two subunits:
60S
40S
stack of flattened, membranous sacs
GOLGI APPARATUS
small vesicles that originates from golgi apparatus
LYSOSOMES
lysosomes contains ______ and other digestive enzymes that breakdowns foreign material taken into the cell
LYSOZYME
“powerhouse of the cell”
MITOCHONDRIA
energy necessary for cell to function
ATP
Three types of cytoskeleton:
a. microtubules
b. microfilaments
c. intermediate filaments
system of fiber serve to strengthen, support and stiffen the cell
CYTOSKELETON
both involved in making new cells
mitosis and meiosis
any abnormality in number of chromosomes
ANEUPLOIDY
abnormality in the 21st pair of chromosome
TRISOMY 21/ DOWN’S SYNDROME
chromosome disorder where female has extra copy of X chromosome
XXX/TRISOMY X
biologically male, exhibit female traits
XXY/KlINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
