lesson 1

Question 1

operant conditioning
B.F Skinner

Answer 1

• process in which an individuals behaviour is modified by it’s consequences
• consequences = positive/negative reinforcement

Question 2

social learning theory

Answer 2

• behaviour is learned by observing and modelling other people’s behaviours, attitudes and outcomes

Question 3

purpose of cognitive theories

Answer 3

• attempt to understand human behaviour by focusing on thought processes
• recognise our thoughts are subject to misconceptions, distortions, false assumptions and errors in evaluating situations/information
• useful in explaining patterns of behaviour and how to deal with them (cbt)

Question 4

genetic theory

Answer 4

• role of genes in influencing behaviour
• suggests genetics influence sexuality, hormone production, reproductive cycles, gender/sex identity, sexual orientation

Question 5

social constructionist theories

Answer 5

• social script theory
• feminist theory
• queer theory
• motivational theory

Question 6

social constructionist theories
social script theory

Answer 6

• our social interactions are heavily influenced by predefined, culturally recognisable sequences of behaviours

Question 7

social constructionist theories
feminist theory

Answer 7

• always evolving
• examine the inequalities of men and women’s relationships and the effect on men and women’s sexuality
• argue current sexual scripts reflect privilege of cisgender heterosexual men, male pleasure, vaginal intercourse

Question 8

social constructionist theories
queer theory

Answer 8

• challenges all notions of gender, sexual orientation and sexual behaviour as social constructs
• framework to critically examine research and ideas by highlighting other identities
• tackles the concept of “normal”

Question 9

social constructionist theories
motivational theory

Answer 9

• why do people have sex?
• social determination theory, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Question 10

social constructionist theories, social script theory
traditional sexual script (TSS)

Answer 10

• specific sequences of behaviours, based on societal beliefs and values considered appropriate for specific sexual situations

Question 11

importance of theories

Answer 11

• allow us to study and understand human sexuality
• one phenomenon can be explained differently depending on the theory

Question 12

kinsey report
aim

Answer 12

• investigate sexual behaviour in american men and women

Question 13

kinsey report
procedure

Answer 13

• face to face adaptational interview with 5300 men and 5940 women in the united states
• non random sample

Question 14

kinsey report
results same sex behaviour

Answer 14

• 37% of men and 13% had some same sex experiences that caused them to orgasm
• 2-6% range for women, 4% of men being exclusively gay

Question 15

definition
sex

Answer 15

• biological, physical features related to femaleness, maleness and sex diversity
• solo/partnered activity involving behaviours that are an expression of sexual arousal/desire

Question 15

definition
sexuality

Answer 15

• how we understand our bodies/relationships
• includes all aspects of who we are values, beliefs, bodies, desires, relationships, gender + our thoughts and feelings about this
• many components, ever changing and unique
  -gender/chromosomes/hormones, sexual orientation, sexual behaviours

Question 15

definition
gender

Answer 15

• socialised cultural features related to femininity, masculinity and gender diversity

Question 16

definition
gender/sex

Answer 16

• refers to the ways that identities/people can reflect both gender and sex in ways that are connected/not

Question 17

definition
theory

Answer 17

• intellectual framework to organise our knowledge to better understand a topic
• can be challenged/modified based on new evidence
• allow us to formally talk about sexuality
• guide research

Question 18

kinsey report
evaluation

Answer 18

• questions framed (assumptive) to minimize shame, increase openness of participants
• not random sampling, broader representation of the american population

Question 19

kinsey report
results female behaviour

Answer 19

• different women had different techniques to masturbate
• 48% stimulating clitoris,labia minora/majora
• 20% vaginal insertion
• just penetration, common belief at the time

Question 20

kinsey report
results extramarital/premarital sexual behaviour

Answer 20

• 23-37% of men, 26% of women outside of marriage
  women
• 41% one partner
• 40% 2-5
• half had premarital intercourse

Question 21

kinsey scale of sexual orientation

Answer 21

• describes sexual orientation as a continuum not a binary
• destigmatizing discussions on sexuality, increased awareness and normalization

Question 22

masters and johnson
aim

Answer 22

• study human sexual response

Question 23

masters and johnson
procedure

Answer 23

• systematic, large scale
• empirical approach, observed and measured
• blood pressure, heart rate, brain activity
• observation of 700 men and women, sexual intercourse/masturbation
• convenience sampling
• lab setting

Question 24

masters and johnson
results

Answer 24

• physiological responses in men and women follow a generally predictable pattern

Question 25

masters and johnson
conclusion

Answer 25

• men and women similar sexual response cycle physiological processes
• women broader range of orgasmic responses in comparison to men

Question 26

masters and johnson
evaluation

Answer 26

• convience sampling, highly educated, higher socioeconomic status
• not ethnically/racially diverse, did not want to participate not included, may differ
• only “men” and “women”
• large sample size
• results lack generalisability
• many different factors influence sexual response cycle, no one size fits all