Lesions

Question 1

Which arteries supply the brain

Answer 1

Internal carotid arteries (become middle & anterior cerebral)
Vertebral arteries (join to form basilar)

Question 2

Anterior cerebral arteries supply

Answer 2

Medial portion of the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 3

Middle cerebral arteries supply

Answer 3

Lateral portions of the frontal, parietal, temporal lobes
Primary motor & somatosensory cortex- upper body
Including basal ganglia
Broca & Wernicke’s area

Question 4

Posterior cerebral arteries supply

Answer 4

Occipital lobe, some of the temporal lobe, and the thalamus

Question 5

Vertebral and basilar arteries supply

Answer 5

cerebellum & brainstem

Question 6

Symptoms of a stroke (occlusion) in the anterior cerebral artery

Answer 6

Contralateral loss of sensation
and motor control to the lower
body( numbness, sudden muscle weakness)

Question 7

Symptoms of a stoke (occlusion) in the middle cerebral artery

Answer 7

Contralateral loss of sensation
and motor control to the upper
body (numbness, sudden muscle weakness)

Question 8

Symptoms of a stoke in the posterior cerebral artery

Answer 8

homonymus hemianopia

condition in which a person 
sees only one side―right or 
left―of the visual world of 
each eye (lose temporal visual
field in one eye and nasal visual 
field in the other)

Question 9

Symptom of a stroke affecting Broca’s area

Answer 9

slurred speech

Question 10

Symptom of a stroke affecting Wernicke’s area

Answer 10

difficulty understanding speech

Question 11

Location of Broca’s area

Answer 11

left frontal lobe

Question 12

Location of Wernicke’s area

Answer 12

left temporal lobe

Question 13

Symptoms of a lesion in an upper motor neuron

Answer 13

Hyper-reflexia
Hypertonia
Muscle weakness or paralysis (need whole circuit intact or this happens)
Muscle wasting (disuse atrophy - takes longer than in LMNL)

Question 14

Symptoms of a lesion in a lower motor neuron

Answer 14

Hypo-reflexia
Hypotonia
Muscles weakness or paralysis (need whole circuit intact or this happens)
Muscle wasting (disuse atrophy - faster than in UMNL)
Fasciculations

Question 15

Describe motor innervation for the upper part of the face (forehead)

Answer 15

bilateral innervation

Question 16

What would happen to forehead innervation in an upper motor lesion to the facial nerve (supranuclear lesion of facial nerve)

Answer 16

patient would still be able to move forehead on side contralateral to the lesion due to bilateral innervation (“forehead sparing”)

Question 17

What would happen to forehead innervation in a lower motor lesion of the facial nerve (Bell’s Palsy)

Answer 17

innervation lost on ipsilateral side

Question 18

Frontal lobe functions

Answer 18

movement

higher cognitive functions (decision making, organising, planning)

Question 19

Temporal lobe functions

Answer 19

Hearing
Memory
Facial recognition
Smell 
Language comprehension

Question 20

Parietal lobe functions

Answer 20

Sensory info

Question 21

Occipital lobe functions

Answer 21

Vision

Question 22

Cerebellum functions

Answer 22

Balance & coordination

Question 23

Brainstem functions

Answer 23

HR
BP
Breathing
GI
Consciousness

Question 24

What goes through the internal capsule

Answer 24

ascending and descending tracts

particularly corticospinal but also spinothalamic and DCML

Question 25

Brain injury: pupils are dilated and fail to constrict in response to light - what does this indicate?

Answer 25

uncal herniation (uncus of temporal lobe pushed through the tectorial notch) compressing brainstem including the ipsilateral occulomotor nerve (CNIII).

Question 26

What is central herniation (coning)?

Answer 26

the diencephalon is pushed through the tentorial notch in the midline, compressing the brainstem