Leptospirosis / Leptospira Flashcards

1
Q

what is a defining feature about the physical characteristics of leptospira

A

both ends are hooked

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2
Q

what can you say about the structure of leptospira

A

gram negative with the presence of LPS and cell envelope

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3
Q

what stain technique can be used to visualize leptospira

A

Warthin Starry and Giemsa

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4
Q

how is leptospira best observed

A

darkfield microscope

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5
Q

what is the transmission of Leptospira spp.

A

-urine of reservoir hosts and infected animals
- contact with infected uterine discharge/ placental fluids

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6
Q

how can Leptospira spp. enter the body

A
  • broken skin
    -mucous membranes
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7
Q

what type of transmission is associated with Leptospira spp.

A

direct and indirect

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8
Q

where are problems with Leptospira spp. more prevalent

A

wet areas such as:
- tropical
-flood zones
-stagnant H2O (ponds)

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9
Q

what are some virulence factors of Leptospira spp.

A
  • flagella
    -haemolysins
  • several surface proteins (adhesins)
    -LPS
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10
Q

what is the clinical results of an increase of organisms growing the body

A

clinical disease leading to:
-death
- chronic active hepatitis
-leptospiruria (carrier state)

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11
Q

how is Leptospira spp. eliminated from the body

A

kidney / urine

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12
Q

what are the common clinical signs of a dog with Leptospirosis

A
  1. biphasic
  2. leptopiremic phase
  3. leptospiruric phase
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13
Q

what are the common clinical signs of the Leptospiremic phase

A

lethargy
pyrexia
anorexia
weakness
conjunctival suffusion
haemorrhages

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14
Q

what are common clinical signs of Leptospiruric phase

A

renal failure
kidney failure
respiratory failure
death

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15
Q

what clinical presentation is associated with servar Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni

A

acute haemorrhagic disease

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16
Q

what is the clinical presentation of the serovar canicola

A

uraemic type:
-extensive kidney damage
-ulcerative stomatitis

17
Q

what are the clinical signs of L. pomona in cattle

A

abortion storms

18
Q

what is the clinical presentation of L. hardjo in cattle

A

infertility and sporadic abortions
(milk drop syndrome)

19
Q

what is the clinical presentation of L. pomona, grippotyphosa and Icterohaemorrhagiae

A

haemoglobinuria
jaundice
pyrexia

20
Q

what are the clinical signs in pigs

A

infertility
abortions
stillbirths

21
Q

what are the clinical signs in horses

A

recurrent iridocyclitis
acute renal failure
occasional abortion

22
Q

what is used to diagnose Leptospira spp.

A

Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT)

23
Q

what indirect method could be used to diagnose Leptospirosis

A

-4-fold increase antibody titre between 7-14 days
- ELISA for rapid results

24
Q

what can be used as a direct method of diagnosis of Leptospirosis

A

-PCR test of blood and urine but expensive
- Blood Culture in a heparinized tube (green)

25
what culture media should be used with Leptospira spp.
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson- Harris medium with bovine serum albumin and fatty acids
26
what is the treatment of Leptospirosis in dogs
Penicillin G Doxycycline
27
what is the treatment of Leptospirosis in horses
Penicillin Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides
28
what is the treatment options of Leptospirosis in livestock
tetracycline oxytetracycline erythromycin tiamulin ceftiofur for reduced shedding