leonardo Flashcards
Toussaint l ouvertare
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture, also known as Toussaint L’Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 179
saint Dominque
Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Britain; and finally, for Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti)’s colonial sovereignty against Napoleonic France.
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movement, which by 1800 had turned Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous slave colony of the time, into the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking.
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colony’s constitution proclaimed him governor for life even against Napoleon Bonaparte’s wishes.[7] He died betrayed before the final and most violent stage of the armed conflict.
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Toussaint’s prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike.[8][9]
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island and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue
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plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.[11]
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was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the former colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803.
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this period. The earliest records of his life are his recorded remarks and the reminiscences of his second legitimate son Isaac Louverture.[12] Most histories identify Toussaint’s father as Gaou Guinou, a younger son of the King of Allada (also spelled Arrada), a West African historical kingdom located in modern-day Benin, who had been captured in war and sold into slavery.
Benito juares
of the lack of written records, Toussaint himself may not have known his exact birth date.[17] In childhood, he earned the nickname Fatras-Bâton, suggesting he was small and weak, though he was to become known for his stamina and riding prowess.[18] An alternative explanation of Toussaint’s origins is that he arriv
war of the pacific
Toussaint is believed to have been well educated by his godfather Pierre Baptiste. Historians have speculated as to Toussaint’s intellectual background. His extant letters demonstrate a command of French in addition to Creole; he was familiar with Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher who had lived as a slave; and his public speeches as well as his life’s work, according to hi
Emoliano zapata
publicly used the moniker “Louverture”, seems to refer to an anti-slavery passage in Abbé Raynal’s “A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies.
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techniques commonly found in Jesuit-administered hospitals
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surviving documents in his own hand confirm that he could write, though his spelling in the French language was “strictly phonetic.
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certificate dated 1777 shows that he was freed in 1776 at the age of 33. This find retrospectively clarified a letter of 1797, in which he said he had been free for twenty years.[
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the fortified post of La Tannerie and maintained the Cordon de l’Ouest, a line of posts between rebel and colonial territory.[44] He gained a reputation for running an orderly camp, trained his men in guerrilla tactics and “the European style of war”,[45] and began to attract soldiers who would play an important role throughout the revolution.[46] After hard fighting, he lost La Tannerie in January 1793 to the French Gener
Brazil
modern writers spell his adopted surname with an apostrophe, as in “L’Ouverture”, Toussaint himself did not, as his extant correspondence indicates. The most common explanation is that it refers to his ability to create openings in battle, and it is sometimes attributed to French commissioner Polverel’s exclamation: “That man makes an opening everywhere”
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However, some writers think it was more prosaically due to a gap between his front teeth
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Despite adhering to royalist political views, Louverture had begun to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution.[50] From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition
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emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue,[53] hoping to bring the black troops over to his side
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During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavour on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region.[57] In May 1794,
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exodus of refugees. In the first weeks, he eradicated all Spanish supporters from the Cordon de l’Ouest, which he had held on their behalf.[59] He faced attack from multiple sides. His former colleagues in the black rebellion were now fighting against him for the Spanish. As a French commander, he was under attack from the British troops who had landed on Saint-Domingue in September.[
Antonio Lopez De Santa anna
Louverture was also concerned with re-establishing agriculture and keeping the peace in areas under his control.
