Lektion 5: Seperation of power Flashcards
Which type of legislature enjoys the highest degree of autonomy in the legislative process?
Congress
Has a lot of independence executive
Different types of separation of powers
- Legislator: passing laws and deciting on reforms
- Government: Central political exutive of the government, supervizing the bueacracy
- Judiciary
There is a varaiation of how strong the sepration of power is implemented
Hvad adskiller de tre forskellige magtformer(parliamentarism, presidentalism og semi-presidentialism)
Et vigtig element der adskiller dem er hvis: the executive is diveded or not.
Et andet element, hvordan de vælges:
I paralemtarismel er goverment ikke valgt af folket. Vi har den følelse, men goverment er valgt af paralmentet. Så det er ikke så direkte, som presidentialsim hvor præsidentet er direkte valgt af folket.
Which organs are legislatures?
Both parliaments and congress are types of legislature, meaning that they are political assemblies with some legislative task.
Congress more independent than parliament
No dissolution
Independent electoral base
Voting against executive (government) possible. In the US we have seen that even democracts can vote against campaigns of democrats. That is very rare in parlamentary systems
More autonomous in legislative function
Different power systems
Presidentialisme: Den lovgivende forsamling kan ikke vælte regeringen. Her spiller partierne ikke en rolle i forholdet mellem en lovgivende magt og regeringen. Dette gælder for begge SOP systemmer (semi-presidentialism).
Semi-Presidentialisme: Præsidenten bliver direkte valgt, og vælger herefter et kabinet. Den lovgivende kan kun vælte minstrerne (kabinettet), og ikke kabinettet, men præsidenten kan vælte den lovgivende magt. Det er stadig en form for fused-power, da der ikke er en klar separation mellem lovgivende og regering. Eksempel: Frankrig Parlamentarisme: Systemmet i DK: Her kan den lovgende magt vælte regeringen ved brug af et mistillidsvotum. Ift. partiers rolle, vil partierne i det parlamentaristiske system have mere autonomi. Kan sættes = fused-power systems Partierne (hvilken rolle spiller de?) I presidentialisme spiller partier ikke en stor rolle, da f.eks. i USA kan en demokrat eller repuplikaner godt stemme imod en præsident fra deres parti. I USA har man altså ikke så stærke parti-soldater hvilket er gælende i Danmark.
What is the limited autonomy of parlament
- Parlamenty majority crucial
- Limitited room for conlfict with government
- Vote of confidence “disciplining tool”
- De facto dominance of executive: The power is stronger so they can remove government from office, but that will lead to a personal power loss. Thats why a member of parlament is less free of voting against the governments dicisions
How is the policy control in congress and parlament?
Congress: weak too non-existent
- I congross er de to brands valgt selvstændigt, så parlamentet har ikke ret til at undersøge om de gør det de skal de er uafhængng af hinanden. Det er voters opgave at straffe præsidentet hvis han ikke gør hvad der er aftalt
Parlament: much stronger in parlement
- I paralament er det dem der vælger goverment til at lave bestemt politik, så er det vigtigt at se om goverment gør det de har lovet og det er relateret til det at vælger ikke kan legitmetere hvad der kommer fra paralemtemt. Så parlametn skal holde øje med om goverment gør det de skal.
Why?
REMEMBER: Congres: the two brands are seleceted independently. SO by design the congress doesn’t have a RIGHT. To check. whether the president implements the policy he or she has promissed.
Parlament: the memeber of paralemtn elect the goverment to implement speciel policy. therefor they have something to say towards the goverment and the policy-making. - RELATED to the fact that the voters can’t directly legitimacy their votes.
What is the power of legislatures (lovgivende) branch
- linkage and representation
- Oversight and control
- Policy-making → can slow down the process by delaing legislation or by the power of veto in extreme situation.
How does the legislature Linkage and representation?
! Represent and protect constituents’ interests - Iforhold til linkage skal de repræsentere og beskytter the constitients interessest.
! Forum for debate
! Legitimise government and political system
! More effektive in single-member constituencies
! More important in indirect elections
How does the legislature Control and oversight?
! Legislatures monitor executive branch
! Policy-related, oversight and budget control
! Policy control weak in congress, stronger in parliament
! Oversight and budget control in both types
- Legislatre should monitor executive branch - checks and balance eksempelvis.
- Man skal overvåge legislature må spørge goverment om adgang til at undersøge om congress er ulovlig.
- Budgettet skal accepteres af legislature, det er et magtfuld våben da der ikke er mange ting der kan implimenteres uden penge.
Kigger vi på forskellen mellem de to forskellige typer af legislature.
How does the legislature make policy? (policymaking)
! Often not most important task: i parlamentarism system acceptere de bare den lovgivning der er lagt.
! Consultation
! Delay and veto
! Amendment and initiation
! Delay/veto and initiation constrained in parliamentary systems
! Amendment possible also in parliaments
What is the power of the Executive (udøvende) branche
! Mirror image of legislature autonomy ! Additional situative factors ! Unified vs. divided government ! Majority vs. minority government ! Single-party vs. coalition government
What is the difference between: Unified vs. divided government? (USA)
! Only relevant in presidental and semi-presidential systems ! Danger of gridlock (trafikprop) ! Possible strategien ! Compromise ! Patronage (støtte) ! Popular appeals ! Unilateral (ensidig) action ! Incremental (trinvis)/protracted policy-making process
What is the difference between Majority vs. minority government?
! Relevant in multi-party systems
! Government
What is the difference between Single-party vs. coalition government?
! Coalition partner as veto player ! Rivalry and conflict
! Decision-making less efficient
! Worse output
! Ideological homogeneity diminishes problems
Which arguments are there for parliamentarism
! Cabinets better for sharing power
! Lower risk of stalemate
! Flexible term
Which argument are there for presidentialism
! Disadvantages only under ‘divided government’
! Compensate for weak party system
! Better checks and balances
Which systems are seperation of power (SPP) or fussed power (FP)
“Fused-power-systems”: Parlariment system - PARLIAMENT:
becuase the goverment and legislature depends on eachother support if they disagree there would a new elecetion
Det danske system. Parlamentarisme, men her er det uklart hvem der har magten 100%.
Vi stemmer på den lovgivende instans, der vælger den udøvende.
“Seperation of power systems”: Det amerikanske system. Her vælger man både den lovgivende og den udøvende separat.
Presidental system - CONGRESS
Semi-presidential- TILFØJ
Both PARLIAMENT and CONGRESS are legislature, meaning that they are political assemblies with some legislative task.
What is the role of the congress?
Congress have a direct legitimacy to act on the behave of their voters
Voting agains the government is possible
In the USA the domcrates vote against - TILFØJ
What is the role of the Parliament?
Parliamnet: are elected because they want a specfik government,
It is rare that they vote against.
There is limited room for paraliament to seek conflict with the governemt it leads to the lost of their own power
What happens in a parliament systeme, if they loss the majortiy that voted on them fører til a early election. Goverments can use votes of no confidence as a tool of disciplin.
TILFØJ
According to selway and templeman, parliamentarism tends to..
SVAR: Increase violence if ethnic fractionalisation is high
Bogens definition af assembly, legislature, parliament and Congress
Assembly: A legislative body, især the lower house of a legislature
Legislature: a body of persons having the power to legislate; specifically, and organized body having the authority to make laws for a political unit.
Parliament: the supreme legislative body for a usally major politcal unit that is continiuing instituion comprimising a series of individual assemblages
Congress: the supreme legislative body of a nation and especially of republic.
