Left realist views of Crime and Deviance

Question 1

what do Lea and Young say is the cause of crime

Answer 1

Relative deprivation :
- due to media and advertising , this raises everyone’s expectations for material wealth. Those who cannot afford them will turn to crime
Subcultures :
- Some groups form deviant subcultures as a response to relative deprivation.
Young black males subcultures is different from their parents who accepted marginalisation.
High material + aspiration this is why they engage in crime due to blocked opportunities.
Marginalisation:
- certain groups e.g ethnic minorities and unemployed youths lack political representation and have no clear goals and only have resentment and frustration

Question 2

what does Matthew’s argue

Answer 2

Square of Crime :
- crime must be understood through 4 elements
• offenders - why individuals commit crime
• victims - real effects of crime on communities
• the state - the role of law enforcement
• public opinion - how society reacts to crime

Question 3

what’s an evaluation point for the causes of crime

Answer 3

marxists :
cannot explain motive behind white collar crimes
- not all people in relative deprivation turn to crime
Right realist Ron Clarke :
crime is a rational choice

Question 4

WhT does Nightingale say

Answer 4

Studied young black males in philadelphia :
crime was driven by relative deprivation
- faced systematic exclusion due to racism and poverty
- crime = achieving status

Question 5

what does Young (2002) argue

Answer 5

late modernity :
live in a society where economic exclusion has increased
- society promotes consumerism which working class and minority groups are excluded from legitimate means of achieving this.

Question 6

What does Young (2011) argue

Answer 6

Bulimic society :
- encouraged to consume by many are excluded from participating due to poverty
• impacts of media - created unrealistic expectations
“ Second aetiological crisis”
- Since mid 90s crime rate has fallen
- Crime is a social construction so it is still seen as a problem needing to be fixed
STAT : 81% thought crime had risen , not fallen in the last 10 years ( crime survey for england and wales 2019)

Question 7

what are evaluations for late modernity and bulimic society ( young 2002 and young 2011)

Answer 7

Durkheim :
- inadequate socialisation and damage to nuclear family and positive functions of crime
Henry and Milocanovic :
- accepts authorities definition of crime as being street crime committed by the poor , instead of defining the problem as being one of how powerful groups do harm to the poor

Question 8

what did the Islington crime survey state

Answer 8

victimisation :
- crime affects working class women and ethnic minorities and are more likely for them to become victims
STAT : a third of all households had been affected by serious crime in the past year

Question 9

what’s an evaluation for victimisation

Answer 9

• over focuses on victims but ignores how the powerful for example the state create crime through oppression ( Cicourel - police typifications )

Question 10

what did Kinsely , lea and young argue

Answer 10

• to stop military policing e.g stop and search
  STAT : june to august 2024 - around 28,000 stop and searches , 33% led to police outcome , 67% resulted in no further action ( London met police)
• multiagency approach
  • cooperation between police and schools and the public
  • reducing inequalities for example in education .

Question 11

what was an evaluation for tackling crime and policing

Answer 11

right realists ;
zero tolerance policing - police controlling the streets
Wilson and Kehling - essential to maintain the orderly character of neighbourhoods to prevent crime taking place