Lecure 10/17 & 10/22 Flashcards
Language & Literacy During the school years & beyond PPT
Development in related domains…
When do children express own feelings and empathy for others’ feelings?
6 years
Development in related domains…
When is the onset of puberty?
Around 12 years
- voice changes
development in related domains…
When does increase abilities in abstract reasoning and problem-solving occur?
14 years
Research
What does Burke, 2012 say about poverty and increasing academic skills
- US ranks 4th in world for per-pupil spending
- However, we are much lower than other countries in math and reading
- American 15 year olds middle zone in reading, near the bottom in math, falling behind Estonia and Slovenia
Development of language skills: semantics
How many words can a first grader understand?
20,000
Development of language skills: semantics
How many words can a 6th grader understand?
50,000
What is horizontal development?
process of associating additional features with a word
e.g., “father” originally referred to the child’s dad
Now, he knows that other children have fathers, and maybe he even calls God “Father”. Catholic– priest is called “Father”
What is Vertical development?
Learning multiple meanings of words
- “rock” can mean different things
- “pound” can also mean different things
What is thematic organization?
Themes
Used early in life. It is based on associations that relate words to some integrated context in which they are experienced as a whole
e.g., slide…goes with playground, swings, sandbox, friends, recess
What is taxonomic organization?
Categories (overall labels)
later in school years. Based on associations or classifications in which items share features that define them as a class
e.g., cake…the student would categorize this as a dessert and give related items like cookies, ice cream, pie
what are divergent semantic production?
clinician gives a word, student thinks of a variety of words to go with it
e. g., what goes with firetruck?
- hoses, ladders, sirens, smoke, flames, firemen
what is convergent semantic production?
production of a specific word is prompted by other words that point to it
e.g.,
Clinician: “listen to these words: smoke, alarm, siren, flames hoses, ladders…what word does all this make you think of?”
Student: A firetruck
What is important for academic success?
Convergent and divergent semantic production
What is topic shading?
a subsequent utterance maintains one aspect of the previous utterance but shifts to a related topic
- you subtly change the subject
What happens if a children doesn’t have good pragmatics?
they can become bullies
they can get rejected
They can be depressed
They can be angry
Research
ASHA school conference 2012, Pamela Wiley, in middle school said…
- Children look for peer support
- increased social pressure
- children more independent, less reliant on family
- struggle with social expectations
- increase emphasis on superficial qualities
- social hierarchies
What is teacher language?
- diminished presupposition (less background explanation): teachers assume children know a certain body of knowledge
- Highly decontextualized, addressed to group
- may be directed to the whiteboard or overhead, not to kids
- may be very fast
What is expository?
Relatively structured information presented in a logical and tutorial manner
Research
What did Paul and Norbury 2012 say about hidden curriculum?
- Classrooms have an I-R-E format: teacher initiates, children responds, teacher evaluates
- Students who don’t adhere to this IRE format are often considered rude, unwilling to learn
What is textbook language?
Text grammer
Research
Who spoke about Tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 words?
Justice, 2012 (ASHA Schools Conference)
What are tier 1 words?
very common, usually learned without direct teaching
What are tier 2 words?
High frequency vocab for mature language users (language of books)
What are tier 3 words?
Highly specialized (e.g., anatomy, math)
Why do we need to teach tier 2 words?
- because they go across the curriculum
e. g., function, constitute, correlate, imply, relatinoship
What are plots?
central organizing themes of stories, and include story setting and story episode
What are unfocused chains?
events and elements of the story relate to each other, but are not well organized under an overall plot
what are focused chains?
these have central characters and true sequences of events, but not the characters’ internal plans or intentions
How old are students when they use unfocused chains?
5 years old
how old are students when they use focused chains?
9 years old
what are complete narratives? And when are they used?
characters complete their goals. They are used after focused chains
what are complex narratives?
many subplots
when do children use complex narratives?
In their adolescent years
What is segmentation?
speakers analyze stream of language into linguistic units such as phonemes, syllables, words
What is figurative language?
consists of utterances that convey meaning by suggesting a connection between two contexts that share features or relationships
Research:
What did turnbull & justice 2012 say about figurative language?
People use figurative language to evoke mental images in the minds of their listeners or to emphasize something in an interesting way
what are types of figurative language?
- similes
- metaphors
- idioms
- proverbs
What is a proverb?
Short, analogous statements that express advice or truths
e.g., don’t put all your eggs in one basket
what is a simile?
Directly states an analogous relationship
e.g., “your lips are like pedals- bicycle pedals”
“your teeth are like stars- they come out at night”
” She’s as light as a feather”
What is a metaphor?
Implies an analogous relationship
e.g., love is a rose
He’s a bull in a china shop
she’s a kid in a candy store
What is ambiguity?
two or more interpretations are possible for the same utterance
e.g., “the man saw the girl looking through the telescope”
” she’s looking blue”
” I could use some change”
What is word awareness?
Understanding that referents can have multiple names
e.g., a small container we drink liquid out of= a glass, cup, or mug
What is literacy?
Ability to communicate through visual symbols
What are foundational skills?
- oral lang development
- metalinguistic abilities
- exposure to literacy before kindergarten
Research
What did Joffe & Black, 2012 research show in Language and communication disorders in adolescence?
adolescents with low academic and language performance were vulnerable to social, emotional, behavioral difficulties
What is bottom-up model?
in early stages, associated with the phonics approach
What is top-down model?
In later state- extract meaning from text- associated with the whole language approach
How old are ch when they begin precommunicative spelling scribbles?
3-5 years
How old are ch when they begin semiphonetic spelling?
5-6 years
What is semiphonetic spelling?
Children recognize that symbols represent sounds, though entire words may be represented by 1 or 2 key letters
e.g., My dog’s name is Cocoa
MI DG NM Z KO
How old are ch when they begin phonetic spelling?
6-7 years
What is phonetic spelling?
ch begin to symbolize all sounds
How old are ch when they begin transitional spelling?
7-8 years
What is transitional spelling?
ch spell pretty well, but may still show reversals (e.g., ried/ride)
How old are ch when they being conventional spelling?
8 years
What is conventional spelling?
Rules for mature spelling consistently applied
Research
What did Dodd & Carr, 2003 find with low income children and Pre literacy skills?
- Research in U.K.
- performed significantly worse in pre-literacy tasks than middle- income children
- Tasks included letter- sound knowledge and letter reproduction
True or false
Socioeconomic status has a definite impact on pre-literacy and literacy skills, with low0 income children coming to school with much less preparation in these areas
True
What tool can be used for students with difficulty in fine motor and writing skills?
Handwriting without tears
What does picture walk help with?
- enhance students phonological awareness skills
- help students track
- help with reading comprehension
What are some changes across the life span?
- lose hearing
- develop additional registers, or styles of communication
- add to vocabulary
- decline in word retrieval skills; use of more general rather than specific terms (e.g., dog/border collie)
What are 3 nonlanguage cognitive abilities that impact language for older people?
- Inhibition
- Speed of processing
- working memory
What is inhibition?
ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli decreases with age (people get distracted more easily)
Research
What does Owens 2012 say about what declines with aging and what is it related to?
- oral and written language comprehension
- understanding syntactically complex sentences
- inferencing
- Related to 2 things;
- overload
- decrease speed of processing
Research
What did Berko Gleason & Bernstein Ratner 2009 say re older people and difficulties with names?
- difficulty remembering the names of things
- difficulty with confrontation naming
