Lecture 10/3 & 10/8 Flashcards
Preschoolers: pragmatics & Semantic development PPT
Cognitive Development
Follows simple verbal commands
24 months
What is semantic development closely related to?
Development in motor, social, and cognitive abilities
Cognitive Development
Points to and names familiar pictures
27 months
What does a child receive more of when their abilities in motor, social and cognitive are better?
language and practice
someone in a wheelchair won’t be able to get out and about more
Cognitive Development
Gives “two” objects on request
36 months
Expressive vocab goes from x to x words at 18-24 months
200-300 words
Cognitive Development
Gives full name on request
42 months
By 36 months of age, children will have expressive vocal of…
900-1000
Cognitive Development
Enjoys “make believe” play
45 months
At 5 years, by kindergarten, they should be using how many words?
2100-2200 words
Cognitive Development
Understand today/yesterday/tomorrow as well as morning/afternoon/night
5 years
By 6 years of age, many children have receptive (understand) vocab of up to …
14,000 words
Social Development
Communicates desire and orders others around
27 months
Research
What did Montgomery 2011 say about children and word exposure?
Ch learn words exposed to in their environments
Social Development
Demands caregiver’s attention, throws tantrums when needs are not understood
30 months
What is Fast mapping?
A hypothetical process where ch associate a word and its referent after the first or initial exposure
Social Development
Play independently in groups, selects playmates
36 months
What is extended mapping?
new words are gradually expanded and modified as additional experiences become available
Social Development
Plays cooperatively and takes turns
45 months
What are ways a child can learn new words?
- Words that are composed of phonemes that the child can produce (child vs. synthesize)
- object words as opposed to action words
- reduplicated syllables (mama)
Social Development
Gives up immediate gratification based on promise of delayed privilege (can be bribed)
4 years
How do we help children learn new words faster?
- simultaneously pair a word with its referent
- letting the new word be the only new word in a certain context (e.g., if you wanted to teach “pig” you’d want to make sure it was the only new word in that context)
Motor Development
Walks up and down stairs, does not alternate feet
27 months
What are dimensional words?
- Adjective pairs that indicate dimensions of objects (e.g., big/little, wide/narrow)
Motor Development
Constructs a tower of 7-8 blocks
36 months
What are the first dimensional words learns and what age?
Big/little around 3 years of age
Motor Development
Dresses and undresses self
39 months
What are relational terms?
- Express relationships in domains such as color, location, size, family roles, and temporal sequences
- these terms can be hard because they are often relative
- for example, whose mom is the skinniest? Whose dad is the tallest?
Motor Development
Copies cross and square
45 months (almost 4)
When should ch name blue, red, and yellow?
4-5 years old
Motor Development
Copies simple block letters
4 years
What are spatial words?
- indicate location of a referent in relation to some item
- in, out, behind, under
Motor Development
Draws figures recognizable as a person with head, trunk, legs, and arms
5 years
When should ch know spatial relations?
5 years
What are kinship words?
- The first ones to develop usually refer to immediate family- mother, father, sister, brother
- then, ch gradually learn other layers of relatives
What are temporal words?
How things are related to each other in time
- Words indicating simultaneity: while, at the same time
- Order: before, after
- Duration: since, until
What do children need for optimal development of pragmatic skills?
They need both varied and routine experiences
What is monologues?
Private speech-children talk to selves
What is socialized speech?
acknowledge partners’ utterances, increase concern re:transmitting info
What is discourse or conversation?
Is a series of consecutive utterances shared by at least 2 people
What is cohesion?
Refers to the relatedness of successive utterances in discourse
What happens in symbolic play?
- Ch allows one thing to represent another
- it is closely associated to the development of words, which are symbols which stand for things
e.g., a kleenex may represent a doll’s blanket
What is solitary play?
Ch plays independently, even if other ch are present
What comes first, solitary or parallel play?
Solitary
What is parallel play?
- Ch play near each other
- May be using similar items
- not playing with each other; not exchanging ideas
When does cooperative play come into the pictures
Around 4 years old
What is cooperative play?
- Ch interact with each other in organizing and executing an activity
- Sometimes assign roles- e.g., mom, dad, spiderman, etc.
What is style shifting?
This aspect of presupposition involves having the speaker modify how something is said based on the status of the listener
True or False
Preschoolers as young as 3 years of age are not capable of using please, could you, would you.
False
True or False:
Preschoolers increase in ability to tell stories
True
What are the 4 categories of a story a preschooler might tell?
- Setting
- Goal
- episode
- outcome
What is a setting in a story a preschooler might tell?
It provides the context and characters
What is a goal in a story a preschooler might tell?
Provides the characters’ motivation
What is an episode in a story a preschooler might tell?
Describes the events related to the goal
What is the outcome in a story a preschooler might tell?
Provides the conclusion and states whether or not the goal was attained
What is contextualized language?
Utterances related to immediate context, here and now
What are narratives?
decontextualized, use language about objects, people, events not in immediate context
- children’s development of narrative skills is heavily dependent on cognitive development
Who can help children with contextualized and decontextualized language?
Caregivers
What are the narrative levels?
- Primitive narratives/centering
- sequences/chaining
- Heaps
When does primitive narratives/centering occur?
4 years
When does sequences/chaining occur?
3 years
When does heaps occur?
30 months
What is primitive narratives/centering?
There are identifiable themes and elements that are conceptually related to the core topic
What is sequences/chaining?
Elements of story are releated to a central topic, but are not necessarily chronologically sequenced
What is heaps?
collections of unrelated utterances
What is topic introduction?
- young preschoolers physically introduce topics (e.g., pointing, putting an object in someone’s hand)
- intro topics with the listener’s name (mommy….)
At what age will ch have appropriate presuppositional skills?
after 3
What are presuppositional skills?
- Anaphoric reference, or the role PROUNOUNS play in referring back to words that occurred just prior to them
e. g., I saw Jason, and HE said to tell you hello
“The Avengers movie was awesome, and I’m so glad I got to see THIS MOVIE.” Is an example of what we wouldn’t say because of anaphoric reference
.
What is deixis?
- Words that point to their referent according to speaker’s perspective
- Deictic words interpreted according to who said them
e. g., my/your, this/that, here/there, these/those
What are grammatical ellipsis? And when does it emerge and become mastered?
- A device speakers use to eliminate info listeners already know
- emerges gradually after 3, may not be mastered until school age
e. g., “I am so glad it’s out!” (referring to a new movie that everyone knows about)
“Are we there yet?” (assumes everyone knows where there is)
How many turns per topic will 2-3 year olds have?
1-2
How many turns per topic will older preschoolers have?
up to 5
What is topic maintenance?
Speakers continue conversational topics by contributing comments related to their partner’s last utterances
What is an aspect of topic maintenance?
- conversational repairs- behaviors that result in clarification of previous utterances and help maintain
- usually preschoolers do not request conversational repairs- just look confused
Research
What did ASHA Schools Conference 2012 Pamela Wiley say about social skills training?
- We need to begin early- even in preschool
- problems in social skills can lead to negative consequences that can last a lifetime
Research
What did ASHA Schools Conference 2012 Pamela Wiley say about possible consequences of poor social skills?
- depression
- academic failure
- target of bullying, manipulation
- greatest concern of parents-bullying
Research
What did ASHA Schools Conference 2012 Pamela Wiley about the skill steps?
- When I see a new friend, I will smile and say “hi”
I WILL: look at their eyes
I WILL: play with what they are playing with and share
I WILL: not stand too close
I WILL: say nice words
What is one way to enhance preschoolers’ emergent literacy skills?
Through print referencing
When does emergent literacy occur?
When an adult uses verbal and nonverbal cues to direct a child to the features of written language during shared storybook reading
What can adults do when reading with children?
- Comment about print
- Track print
- Ask questions about print
If young ch are fairly hyper and don’t sit well during book reading what can the adult do?
- be exciting and dramatic when you read- use different funny voices
- use books with manipulable parts like flaps, buttons
- short books that have lots of pictures
Research
What did Hulit et all 2011 say re: ch of mothers who share lengthy interactions concerning past events (topic-extending style?
- they produce longer, more detailed narratives than children of mothers who do not elaborate
- so, if mom talks a lot with the child about past events, ch will be a better story-teller
Research
What did Bliss, McCabe, & Mahecha 2001 say re: build literacy skills?
- build ch’s oral narrative skills first
- Having children talk about the past e.g., what they did all day- is a precursor to reading
Research
How did Turnbull & Justice 2012 describe print awareness?
- Young ch develop interest in, appreciation for print
- Recognize print exists in environment and in books
- develop understanding of print conventions (left to right, top to bottom)
- learn language that describes print (e.g., letters, words)
- understand that print conveys meaning and has a specific function
When adults don’t reference print, how often do preschoolers attend to books?
5-6%
