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Psychology > Lectures For Test 2 > Flashcards

Lectures For Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neural networks

A

Complex organizations of neurons that 1. Receive information and interpret and 2. Produce and output response from network Itself.

  • can adapt and change
  • more connections between neural network than neurons itself
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2
Q

Glial cells

A

Doesn’t transit or receive information but is a neuron.

  • dispose cellular waste
  • insulate the axons to increase speed
  • form blood/brain barrier
  • form white matter of brain
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3
Q

Dendrites receive

A
  1. Excitatory messages- neuron should fire action potential

2. Inhibitory messages- neuron should not fire action potential.

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4
Q

Cell body (Soma)

When will neuron fire

A

Integrates all excitatory/ inhibitory information

-if the difference in excitatory and inhibitory messages reach a threshold, neuron will fire

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5
Q

Axon states

A
  1. Resting potential
    - neuron has stored up electrical chemical energy (polarized)
    - has capacity to create an action potential. -70 millivolts
  2. Action potential
    -release of the stored up electrical energy (depolarization)
    -neuron fires
    +40 millivolts
  3. Refractory period (reset chemical polarization
    - absolute (not possible for axon to fire action potential)
    - relative (possible to fire again, but cel body needs to exceed threshold by greater amount)
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6
Q

All or none law

A

Size of action potential is not influenced by increases in intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold. Ap only travels away from the cell body down to axon.

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7
Q

More frequent fires=

A

Greater i transit of stimulation

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8
Q

Biochemical basis of AP

A

Outside membrane is positively charged, inside is negatively charged. Positive floods in during AP. During refractory period, sodium pump removes sodium back to outside.

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9
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps in muskets sheath what allow electrical impulses to jump to speed up transmission

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10
Q

Myelin sheath related diseases

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS- hardening if fatty tissues in neurons

Gillian-Barńe syndrome- disruption in immune system where myelin sheath is seen as a pathogen

Alzeihmers?

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11
Q

Synapse

A

Electrical impulses (action potentials) travel from one neuron to another across a tiny junction known as a synapse

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12
Q

Reuptake

A

Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neuron through the process of reuptake.
Ex: cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine= more euphoria

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13
Q

If not reuptaken, what happens to neurotransmitters

A

Special enzymes in the synapse destroy them into basic waste

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Have specific effects on behaviour, and operate in specific neural pathways

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters to note

A
  • Acetylcholine (ACH): enables muscle action, leaning and memory (under supply=Alzheimer’s
  • dopamine: affect movement, learning, attention and emotion
  • serotonin: affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal (under supply= depression)
  • norepinephrine: helps control alertness and arousal
  • GABA: inhibits it neurotransmitter
  • Glutamate- excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
  • endorphins: natural pain killers
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16
Q

Key lock analogy

A

Neurotransmitter molecule ha a molecular structure that precisely fits the receptor site on the receiving neuron, much as a key fits a lock

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17
Q

Agonists

Antagonists

A

Similar enough in its structure to be neurotransmitter molecule that it mimics its effects on the receiving neuron. Morphine mimics endorphins

Inhibits! Structure similar enough to the neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and blocks its action, but not similar enough to produce effect.

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18
Q

Brian’s structures

A

Forebrain= cerebral cortex and limbric system= thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala

Midbrain- reticular formation

Hindbrain= cerebellum, medulla and pons

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19
Q

Oldest part of the brain

A

Hindbrain, automatic functions

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20
Q

Fissures

Gyri

A

Creases in brain (central and lateral)

Hills that lies between segmentation of brain. Higher areas between fissures.

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21
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • executive functioning: ability to plan, make decisions, judgments, and inhibit inappropriate behaviour (GABA)
  • important in working memory
  • language Center (brocade area): expressive language
  • primary motor cortex: voluntary motor movements
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22
Q

Alcohol works as a ___ antagonist

A

GABA

GABA inhibits inappropriate behaviour so alcohol causes it

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23
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • sound
  • primary auditory area: ability to process sounds/speech
  • wernicks area: receptive language (collect/understand language)
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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Integrating sensory information

- somatosensory area (body sense): ability to sense anything in skin and collect information from sense organs

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25
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • vision
  • primary visual area
  • optic nerve terminates in here
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26
Q

Functions of the cortex

A

Output: motor cortex (left hemisphere section controls right side of body)

Input: sensory cortex (left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side)

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27
Q

Contra lateral organization

A

The Bain has two hemispheres. The left hemisphere controls/ senses the right side, and the right side controls/ senses the left side

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28
Q

There is more sensory cortex slighted to the _____ than the _____, but overall the _____ have the most brain tissue slighted to them

A

Lips

Back of the knees

Hands

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29
Q

Language steps

A
  1. Visual cortex- receivers written words as visual stimulation
  2. Angular gyrus- transforms visual representations into an auditory code
  3. Wernickes area- interpreted auditory code (temporal lobe)
  4. Broca’s area: controls speech muscles via the motor cortex (translating into speech muscles)
  5. Motor cortex: word is pronounced
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30
Q

If you can speak but not read you have damage to your

A

Wernicks area

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31
Q

Language centres tends to be in the ___ hemisphere in ____ handed people

A

Left

Right

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32
Q

Right hemisphere in right handed people is specialized in _____ processing/ ______

A

Spatial

Depth perception

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33
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • allows left/ right hemispheres to communicate

- is white in colour meaning there are axons

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34
Q

Split brains

A
  • usually for people with extreme epilepsy
  • attempt to isolate seizures in 1 hemisphere only
  • individuals are remarkably normal after surgery
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35
Q

Split brain experiment with form and spoon

A

Screen with fork on right side and spook on left. When asked what they see, fork is proceeded in left hemisphere and person says fork. Right hemisphere sees left side of screen but cannot verbalized this. But can pick up the correct object using left hand.

  • right hemisphere does spatial processing
  • left hemisphere does language
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36
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Crossover pint of axons in optic nerve

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37
Q

Both eyes pick up both visual fields, but the ______ sorts out which hemisphere processes this

A

Optic chiasm

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38
Q

Split brain experiment with blocks

A

Person asks to reproduce block diagram. If the pattern is given to left hemisphere, the right hand cannot recreate it. If given to right hemisphere, the left hand can reproduce it. When frustrated the left hand would jump in to help.

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39
Q

Split brain interpreter experiment

A
  1. Split brain watches as different images flash simultaneously on the left and right.
  2. Below the screen is a row of other images.
  3. Asked to point each hand at a bottom image that relates most to the image flashed ins green on that side of the screen.
  4. Left hemisphere points the right hand at a picture of a chicken. The left hemisphere says that the chicken claw goes with the chicken head.
  5. Right hemisphere points the left hand at a picture of a shovel. The left hemisphere decided that the shovel is used to clean up after the chickens (it does not see the snow house).
    - left hemisphere interprets
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40
Q

Rearwards for making correct predictions experiment

A

Radom sequence of lights where 70% is red and 30% is green. Animals hit red always so they would get treats 70% of the time. Humans noticed strategy and hit red 70% of time and green 30% of time but then won 58% only. Split brain people when task presented to left hemisphere performed like humans and like animals when in right hemisphere.

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41
Q

Sodium amobarbital

A

Puts one brain side to sleep

  • speech localization
  • used before surgery to see what functions will be altered if a mistake is made.
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42
Q

Is the left side more logical and right more artsy?

A

No false

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43
Q

Thalamus

A

-processing/ distributing sensory information and directing information to parts of the brain. (Except smell-has direct connection)

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44
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • homeostasis: earring, drinking, body temp
  • controls emotions
  • levels of arousal
  • regulates sexual activity
  • critical part to connect endocrine system and nervous system (transforms electrical messages to chemical hormonal messages)
  • contains reward centres
  • is not a gland
45
Q

Reward center

A

Pleasure Center to motivate behaviour
Ex: rats will cross an electrified grid for self stimulation of pleasure Center when electrodes are placed in the reward Center

46
Q

If you stimulate a violent person’s hypothalamus it

A

Calms them down

47
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • invoked in memory functions (consolidation of long term memories, from short term memories)
  • remembered objects/spaces (spatial memory)
  • taxi drivers have large hippocampuses
48
Q

Amygdala

A
  • primary threat detector
  • modulates fear/ aggression
  • regulates attentions
49
Q

Reticular formation

A
  • Connecting structure from spinal cord and cerebral cortex
  • crossover point of directing nerve drivers from one side of the body to other side of brain.
  • parts involved in stages of sleep
  • arousing function and consciousness
50
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Balance, coordination, posture, fine motor movement

- me with storage and learning

51
Q

Pons

A
  • connects cerebellum and parts of hindbrain to cerebral cortex
  • regulates conscious experience like sleep/wake cycles
  • brings on initial state of falling asleep
  • facial movement functions
  • balance, muscle coordination and posture
52
Q

Medulla

A
  • regulates automatic processes
  • breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure and digestion
  • sneezing and swallowing reflex
53
Q

Overview of functions of hindbrain, limbic system and cortex

A

Hindbrain- automatic processes, heart rate, breathing and digestion

Limbic-motivation, emotion and memory

Cortex- surface layer that integrates sensory information, coordinates movement and thinks and reasons

54
Q

rTMS

A

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Magnet helmet that strategically disrupts cerebral cortex parts by magnets.

55
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalogram

  • cap of electrodes that connect to computer to measure brain activity
  • help tell us when the brain respond to a stimulus
56
Q

PET

A

Radioactive glucose tracers in the brain to see what parts of the brain are using more energy

57
Q

MRI

fMRI

A

Static pictures of Brian structures

Measures brain activity by where the blood flow is while doing a task

58
Q

Endocrine system parts and functions

A

Hypothalamus- controls pituitary (not a part)

  • pituitary: master gland that secreted hormones
  • parathyroids: regulate level of calcium in blood
  • adrenal gland: trigger flight of fight
  • pancreas: blood sugar level
  • testis/ ovaries: male/ female sex hormones
  • thyroid: affects metabolism
59
Q

Nature vs nurture debate

A

Biological heritage (Plato) vs environmental influences (Aristotle)

60
Q

Gene environment interactions

A

We are the product of interactions between our genetic predispositions and our surrounding environments. Neither nature/ nurture is more important.

61
Q

How is children’s temperament depended on genes and environment

A

East going baby attracts caring environments which create a happier and friendlier child and adult

62
Q

Darwin finches

A

Environment caused the same species to change gene expression and change appearance to suit their needs

63
Q

Siamese cats

A

Marking determined by gene depending on temperature. Kittens are pure white but cooler parts of body which have less blood flow and therefore less enzyme gets darker colours.

64
Q

Diet and phenylketonuria

A

Recessive disorder leading to lower IQ scores. With appropriate diet (environment), possible to eliminate/ reduce brain damage.

65
Q

Hypothesis: children love in MAI are more susceptible to effects of maltreatment.
Results:

A
  • high MAO + lower maltreatment= less likely to commit violence
  • low MAO + no maltreatment= lowliest crimes (environment)
  • low MAO+ severe maltreatment = more likely to commit violent offence
66
Q

Behaviour genetics

A

Study of our differences and weights the relative effects of heredity and environment.

67
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Studies the evolution of behaviour and mind using principles of natural selection.

68
Q

Nucleus

Chromosome

A

Inner area of cell that houses chromosomes and genes

Threadlike structure made largely of DNA molecules

69
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

23 pairs. 23 from mom, 23 form dad

70
Q

Why is there 70 trillion ways to make a human

A

2 chromosomes to choice from each parent = 4 different ways chromosomes pairs can be paired

71
Q

Chromosome 21 and 23

A

Lack of causes Down syndrome

Gender chromosome

72
Q

Genome

A

A set of complete instructions for making an organism, containing all the genes in the organism.

Humans have 20000-30000 genes in genome

73
Q

Alleles and types

A

Variation on a gene

Dominant- expressed when present
Recessive- expressed only when gene is matched form other parent

74
Q

Heredity

A

Passing on traits by reproduction

75
Q

Genotype

Phenotype

A

Actual genetic makeup

Observable characteristics (results from both genetic and environmental influences)

76
Q

Polygenetic effects

A

More than one gene contributed to an expressed characteristic

77
Q

Identical twins more likely to be similar in these ways regardless of being raised together or not

A
  • physical ways
  • mental abilities
  • extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness
  • psychiatric illness
78
Q

Who are adopted children more similar to- biological or adopted parents?

A

Biological parents

Only more similar to adopted parents in religion, political views and mannerisms

79
Q

Temperament

A

A persons stable emotional reactivity and intensity

Strong genetic component but environment works too.

80
Q

Heritability

A

The extent to which the differences amok by people attribute to genes
-applies to differences in populations only

81
Q

IQ and heritability

A

At age 5- 22% heritable
At age 75+-62% heritable

Children have broader ranges in environment than 75 year olds

82
Q

Male and female coat of reproduction

A

Men: low costs, mating with multiple females

Women: high cost, select one caring male to help raise children

83
Q

Men and women important traits rankings

A

Kindness and intelligence rated first and second for both. Beauty was ranked higher for men, and good earning was higher for women.

84
Q

Darwinian grandparenting

A

Grandparents invest most in grandchildren that are more similar to their genes

Maternal grandma = 1
Maternal grandpa = 2
Paternal grandma = 3
Paternal grandpa = 4

85
Q

As you get older many sensory systems work at

A

20-35%

86
Q

Limited receptivity

A

Pilfer out and select information to pay attention to

87
Q

Contrast

A

How we detect something is getting more intense

88
Q

Sensation

Perception

A

Sense organs detecting psychical energy (stimulus) in the environment and converting it into neural signals.

The brains selecting, organizing and interpreting of sensations

89
Q

Distal, proximal and precept

A 
Distal stimulus (book)
-physical stimulus from sense organs 
Proximal stimulus (retinal image of book)
-representation of distal stimulus

Percept(recognition of object as a book)
-integration of sensory information and the meaning of the distal stimulus

90
Q

Illusions or impossible figures work by

A

Breaking rules by drawing 3D shapes in a 2D space

Have same stimulus but different perceptions

91
Q

Can you see both of the images in a reversible image at the same time?

A

No, you switch back really quickly from which image is the figure and other the ground.

92
Q

The size of a retinal image tells us about its

A

Distance

93
Q

Subliminal threshold

A

Stimulus intensity below absolute threshold that we are unconscious and unaware of

94
Q

Worthingtons light contrast experiment

A

Participants presented with 2 stimulus es of light of equal intensity. Before the light participants are subliminally presented with either a neutral word or taboo word in front of each light. Light processed with taboo word always perceived as more dim.

95
Q

Lexical decision task

A

People give. Long list of stimuli with non words and real words. People decide if each is a word or not. Measure how quickly a person can detect words. Within list, certain words are prime targets (words Pairs that relate or don’t relate). Target pairs that are related caused target to be reacted to quicker if related to prime. (Priming)

96
Q

Marcels priming experiment

A

Used lexical task but found when subliminal prime word was given, it caused a quicker reaction time to a target word even when person was unaware of it.

97
Q

Does subliminal persuasion work?

A

No

98
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Unconsciously seeing (perceiving) things that cause a direct effect on your behaviour.

99
Q

Nervous system

Endocrine system

A

Speedy electrochemical communication using nerve cells

Slow hormonal communication system

100
Q

CNS

PNS

A

Central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

  • connects CNS to rest of the body
  • connects all sensory systems to the brain and allows brain to message the body.
101
Q

Nervous system parts

A
  1. Peripheral
  2. -Automatic (self regulating, unconscious functions like heartbeat, sweating, breathing)
    • Somatic (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles)
  3. Off of automatic system
    - sympathetic (arousing)
    - parasympathetic (calming)
102
Q

Examples of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic

  • dilated pupils
  • accelerates heartbeat
  • inhibits digestion
  • stimulates glucose release
  • relaxes bladder

Parasympathetic

  • contracts pupil
  • slows heartbeat
  • stimulates digestion
  • contracts bladder
103
Q

Can you be in a sympathetic state long

A

Not Healthy to be

  • organs fail
  • too many hormones
  • can’t be in both at same time
104
Q

Kinds of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent)- detects psychical senses and sends to brain

Motor (efferent)- sends message from brain to body part to move or do something

Interneuron(CNS ONLY)- connect systems together and bring info into and out of the brain

105
Q 
Dendrites
Cell body 
Axon 
Myelin sheath 
Terminal branches 
Nodes of ranvier
A

Receive messages from other cells

Processes and integrates signals received

Passes messages away from cell body to other neurons

Covers axon and speeds up Neural impulses

Form junctions with other cells

Assist in speed by jumping

106
Q

Do all neruons have myelin sheath?

A

No, but ones that do go faster

107
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Contain neurotransmitters that are released to synaptic gap/ cleft and migrate to dendrites of receiving neuron

108
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of myelinated axons

  • made up of neurons axons
  • dedicated to specific function
  • only in PNS!!!!!!
109
Q

Spinal cord and reflexes

A

Finger tips over flame, instantly move back. Skin receptors pick up on heat and send signals into spinal column and spinal cord sends into to inter neurons that connect sensory neurones to motor neurons to move finger away. Other inter neurons sends info to brain and brain registers as pain. The reflex is quicker than the pain

Psychology (6 decks)

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