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Psychology > Final Modules > Flashcards

Final Modules Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social development through the life span

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2
Q

Cross-sectional survey

A

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time

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3
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Research that follows and retests the same people over time .

  • temperament stable over time
  • social attitudes less stable
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4
Q

Zygotes

A

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. Less than 1/2 survive first week

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5
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

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6
Q

Fetus

A

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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7
Q

Just after birth, the melodic ups and downs of new horns cries have tube signature of their….

A

Mother’s native tongue

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8
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

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9
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features.

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10
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

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11
Q

Major issues studies by developmental psychologists

A

Continuity and stages

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12
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Facilitation of feeding

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13
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively i influences by experience.
Ex: babies stand then walk then run

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14
Q

When did you have the most brain cells you will ever have?

A

Day you were born

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15
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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16
Q

Schemas

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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17
Q

Assimilate

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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18
Q

Accommodate

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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19
Q

4 stages of cognitive development by piaget

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational

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20
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth till age 2
Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
-object permanence: awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (not before 8 months)

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21
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-6(7) years old
A child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
-no conservation (mass, volume, numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms)
-egocentric: difficulty taking another’s point of view

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22
Q

Concrete operational

A

7-11 year olds
Children gain the mental operations the enable them to think logically about concrete events.
-conservation
-mathematical transformations

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23
Q

Formal operational

A

12+ year olds
People begin to think logically about abstract concepts
-potential for mature moral reasoning

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24
Q

Scaffold

A

In Vygotskys theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.
-learn best when material is not too easy but not too hard.

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25
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviours these might predict.

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26
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by 8 months

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27
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers and showing distress on separation

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28
Q

Critical period

A

An optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

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29
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form string attachments during early life.

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30
Q

When kids have dads who engage with them they…

A

Boys do better academically

Girls have less risky behaviour in relationships

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31
Q

Basic trust

A

According to Erik Erickson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

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32
Q

Self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feeling about ourselves (age 12)

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33
Q

4 parenting styles

A

Authoritarian - coercive
Permissive - unrestraining
Neglectful - uninvolved
Authoritative - confrontive, demanding + responsive, open discussion (highest self esteem, competence and self regulation)

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34
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood, extending from puberty to independence

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35
Q

Puberty

A

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing

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36
Q

Ten brains are more biased to

A

Immediate rewards

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37
Q

Kohl bergs levels of moral thinking

A
  • preconventional morality (<9) self interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
  • conventional morality (early adolescence) uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
  • post conventional morality (adolescence+) actions reflect beliefs in basic right and self-defined ethical principles
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38
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

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39
Q

Social identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I” that comes from our group memberships

40
Q

Intimacy

A

In eriksons theory; the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.

  • conflict greater between mother and first born child in adolescence
  • positive parent-teen relations and positive peer relations go hand in hand
41
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Period from about age 18 to mid twenties, when many in western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet scheduled full independence as adults

42
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a women experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. (50yr)

43
Q

Telomeres

A

With age, tips of chromosomes called telomeres wear down and aging cells die without reproducing

44
Q

Do brain games help aging adults

A

Help perform that game task but don’t apply outside of the game

45
Q

Neurocognitive disorder (NCD)

A

Acquired disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury or disease or substance abuse. Also called dementia in older adults

46
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

A neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with onset of after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities.

  • loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine (memory and thinking!
  • less likely in those who keep kind and body active
47
Q

Social clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parent hopes, and retirement.

48
Q

Two basic aspects of our lives dominate adulthood

A

Intimacy and generativity (productivity)

49
Q

Couples that live together before marriage are more likely to

A

Divorce

50
Q

In a successful marriage there is a 5 to 1 ration of

A

Positive to negative interactions

51
Q

Amygdala’s responds less in older adults which results in

A

Less aggression

52
Q

Are there Grief stages

A

No

53
Q

Social psychology

A

The study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

54
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behaviour by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition

55
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency, when analyzing others behaviour to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

56
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings, often influences by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events

57
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

58
Q

Role

A

A set of expectation (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

59
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we fell when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

60
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Occurs when people are influences by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness

61
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Occurs when interested peoples thinking is influences by considering evidence and arguments

62
Q

Norms

A

Understood roles for accepted and expected behaviour

63
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard

64
Q

Normative social influence

A

Influence resulting form a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

65
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons willingness to accept others opinions about reality

66
Q

Social facilitation

A

I’m the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks

67
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when looking their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

68
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

69
Q

Group polarization

A

The enhancement of a grips prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

70
Q

Group think

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

71
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and it’s members. Generally involves stereotypes, beliefs, negative feelings and a predisposition to discriminatory action

72
Q

Stereotypes

A

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people.

73
Q

Discriminate

A

Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or it’s members

74
Q

Just-world phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

75
Q

Ingroup

Outgroup

A

“Us” people with whole we share a common identity

“Them” people perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

76
Q

Ingroup bias

A

The tendency to favour our own group

77
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

78
Q

Other-race effect

A

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races

79
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

80
Q

Hotter temperatures cause

A

More violence

81
Q

Social scripts

A

A culturally modelled guide for how to act in situations

82
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them

83
Q

Passionate love

Companionate love

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

84
Q

Equity

A

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

85
Q

Self-disclosure

A

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

86
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

87
Q

Bystander effect

A

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present

88
Q

Social exchange theory

A

The theory that our social behaviour is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

89
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them

90
Q

Social-responsibility norm

A

n expectation that people will help those needing their help

91
Q

Conflict

A

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

92
Q

Social traps

A

A situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

93
Q

Mirror image perceptions

A

Mutual views, often held by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side a sexual and aggressive.

94
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

95
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

96
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reducing

A strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Psychology (6 decks)

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