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Final Lectures Flashcards

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1
Q

Backmasking lyrics research

A

No participants could identify backwards message or meaning of message. No participants were persuaded in behaviour by backmasking lyrics.

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2
Q

Prarkanis research on subliminal persuasion press

A
  • belief that people are powerless against subliminal persuasion
  • belief of untapped ability in unconscious mind that can be used subliminally.
  • businesses accused of subliminal persuasion will fail regardless
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3
Q

Best way to get someone to buy something

A

Market in a standout and obnoxious way

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4
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Deducts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) skin background noise. Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on:

  • experiences
  • motivation
  • level of fatigue
  • expectations
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5
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, also called just noticeable difference.
-depends on intensity of original stimulus

Ex: two envelopes, one with a dollar and one with 2, easy to tell which has more. But now two boots in each hand and one dollar in one and 2 in other, now hard to tell because Intensity of original stimulus is now greater

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6
Q

Weber’s law

A

Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different

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7
Q

Cornea
Iris
Lens

A

First point of entry, clear protective layer

Determines how much light enters the eye using muscles

Flexible, transparent membrane that changes shape depending on what we are looking at

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8
Q

Retina
Pupil
Optic nerve

A

Contains sense organs responsible for light energy transduction to mind

Where light goes in eye

Collects retina into and transports to brain

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9
Q

Fovea

A

Point of central focus of eye

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10
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.

  • distant objects=elongated lens
  • close objects=shorter and fatter lens

As we age tissues aren’t as flexible and we develop inability to see objects close up

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11
Q

Nearsightedness

Farsightedness

A

Nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects (fatter shape)

Faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects (longer shape)

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12
Q

Retina process

A
  1. Light enters eye triggering photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina
  2. Chemical reaction in turn activated bipolar cells
  3. Bipolar cells than activate the ganglion cells, the axons of which converge to form the optic nerve. This nerve transmits information to the visual cortex in the brains occipital lobe
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13
Q

The optic nerve is made up of

A

Myelinated ganglion axons

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14
Q

Cones vs rods

A 
Number: 6M vs 120M
Location in retina: center vs periphery 
Sensitivity in dim light: low vs high 
Colour sensitive: yes vs no 
Detail sensitive: yes. Vs no
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15
Q

Cones are most sensitive to which colours

A

Yellow and green

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16
Q

Dark adaptation

A

Hard to see as you move into dark, but vision improves over time. Rods adapt slower but as time goes on they get more and more sensitive to light, within 25-30 min you e completely adapted and see all you can.

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17
Q

Rods are highly sensitive to which colour

Rods have low sensitivity to which colour

A

Blue

Red

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18
Q

Receptive field

A

Network of ganglion cells that only respond to certain patterns of light
-provides beginning of interpretation such as where object starts and stops

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19
Q

Center surround receptive field

A

If you took neuron firing measuring device and nothing is in receptive field then baseline firing. If light is in fields Center then firing rate is rapid.

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20
Q

Herman grid

A

If you focus on any point, black dots disappear. Perceptual field is being tricked by edges of squares to see nonexistent black dots

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21
Q

Feature detection

A

Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles and movement. If stimulus is rotated, cells respond less than first orientation.

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22
Q

Shape detection

A

Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses

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23
Q

Fusiform gyrus

A

Damage here caused prosopagnosia= form of face blindness where people can’t recognize and see other faces

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24
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

whole is greater than sum of parts

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25
Q

Gestalt principles

A
  1. Principle of proximity ( objects close together, perceived as units or groups)
  2. Principle of similarity
  3. Principle of good continuation
  4. Principle of closure
  5. Principle of common fate (objects moving together are perceived together)
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26
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Hemholtz sugfested that the retina should contain 3 receptors that are sensitive to red, blue and green colours. With colour mixing you can make any colour. Dedicated cones for certain colours.
-not good theory to understand why yellow is seen as a primary colour and explaining after images

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27
Q

Colour blindness

A

Recessive genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colours. Supports trichromatic theory.

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28
Q

Opponent colour process theory

A

Proposal that we process four primary colours combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow and black-white.
-if one colour is fatigued from staring, opponent colour becomes more stimulated

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29
Q

Which colour theory is correct

A

Both theories are correct in own way. The retina is best explained by trichromatic and the brain is best explained by opponent processing

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30
Q

Sound waves

A

The compression and rare fraction of air molecules

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31
Q

Timber

A

Same intensity on different instruments will sound different

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32
Q

Prolonged exposure above ___ decibels produces hearing loss

A

85

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33
Q

Pain threshold in hearing

A

130 decibels

Immediately damages war

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34
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in ears (form of hallucination) due to hearing loss

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35
Q

3 regions of ear

A

Outer ear- fleshy exterior (pin a): collects sound waves in auditory Chantal and eardrum (timpanum)

Middle ear: 3 bones(hammer, anvil and stirrup)

Inner ear: cochlea (oval window the connects to stirrup) and semicircular canals

36
Q

Pathway of ear

A

Vibration collected by ear drum transferred to tiny bones to oval window. Cochlea filled with fluid that moves in time to compressed airways, this stimulates hair receptors, that generate neural impulse.
Semicircular canal processes ended of balance

37
Q

Cochlea

A

Converts sound waves to neural impulse
-middle of cochlea has Basilian membrane with protruding hair cells (16000) that bend back and forth by rippling cochlear fluid. Hairs movement generates neural impulse to auditory nerve and then to auditory cortex of temporal lobe.

38
Q

Place theory

A

Sound frequencies stimulate the basil air membrane at specific places. High frequency tend to stimulate near oval window, low frequency stimulate further along. No matter what frequency hair cells closest to oval window are stimulated but with age damage occurs here so we can’t hear high frequency as well.

39
Q

Frequency theory

A

The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone
Problem: how frequency sounds can be heard (2000 hz), basil air membrane can’t move that fast….. volley principle: various hair cells can take turns in time to produce high frequency.

40
Q

Which audition theory is correct

A

Need both to understand completely. place theory better to explain high frequency and frequency threat better at explaining low frequency

41
Q

Localization of sounds

A

Auditory system detects direction

  • vision and hearing closely related.
  • people can easily tell if a sound is from left or right
42
Q

Sounds shadow

A

Sounds from behind create sound shadow from pinna which lessons sounds. Front sounds have no shadow

43
Q

Papilia

A

Little bumps where soluble chemicals bind in mouth

44
Q

Similarities in gustation and olfaction

A

Soluble chemicals

Lock and key principle

45
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Just below forebrain, direct connection to brain, so thalamus not needed and can connect to memory easily.

46
Q

Motion sickness is caused by

A

Vestibular sense says one thing but eyes say other

47
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Balance and head position

Provided by semicircular canals vestibular sacs that send neural impulses

48
Q

Skin senses (touch)

A
  • pressure
  • warmth
  • cold
  • pain
  • no receptor for hot, hot is stimulated by receptors for warmth and cold
49
Q

Pain

A

Paint elks the bod that swim thing is wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues

50
Q

Acute vs chronic pain

A

Fast acting, sharp and focussed (protective)

Slow acting, dull, and diffuses (healing) keeps you still

51
Q

Gate control theory

A

Gates in our spinal cord either block pain or allow it to be sensed. Large fibers close gate, small fibers open gate. Brain controls gate.

52
Q

Explains of brain controlling pain gate

A
  • battle and sports injuries result in people being unaware of severe pain
  • acupuncture causes stimulation of large fibers and releases endorphins
  • cultural influences like hook swinging causing euphoria
  • phantom pain (people who lost limbs report feeling pain in the lost limb or feeling the limb still), stingiest meds don’t help, rendering yourself unconscious may help
53
Q

Pain control

A

Need to pay attention to control pain

-by distracting individual with VR, pain can be controlled

54
Q

Consciousness and awareness

A

An awareness of ourselves and our environment

Degree to which a person can repeatedly express brain processes symbolically (words, actions, drawings)

55
Q

Subconscious

A

Information not currently in consciousness

56
Q

Unconscious mind

A

Processes not conscious (difficult/ impossible) to bring into conscious mind.

  • Freud: repressed feelings and desires
  • modern: automatic process (driving, tying shoe)
57
Q

The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on…while the conscious mind processes information….

A

Multiple tracks if well practiced

Sequentially (can’t multitask)

Parallel processing only if well practiced

58
Q

Blind sight

A

Ability to respond to visual stimulus with no conscious stimulus presented.

59
Q

Selective attention

A

Allows us to give priority to something in our environment

  • inattention blindness
  • change blindness
60
Q

Biological rhythms controlled by internal “biological clocks”

A
  1. Annual (migration of birds, SAD)
  2. 28 day (menstrual)
  3. 24 hour
  4. 90 minute
61
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24 hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness

  • light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease morning melatonin from the pineal gland and increase it at night
  • body temp changes to be low at night and high in day
  • adenosine son brain are low in morning and higher at night
62
Q

90 minute sleep cycle

A

We pass through a cycle of four stages of sleep. REM most similar to awake, REM increases as night progresses. Spend most time in NREM3. With each cycle NREM3 decreases. Older adults spend less time in NREM 3 and wake up more often

63
Q

Beta waves

A

Wake waves, alert, very rapid and narrow

64
Q

Waking alpha waves

A

When someone is very relaxed/meditation, greater amplitude but slower than beta

65
Q

REM waves

A

Between beta and waking alpha waves

Eyes move back and forth only here

66
Q

NREM 1 waves

A

Bigger and slower waves - Theta waves (day dreaming) only 10 minutes here

67
Q

NREM2 waves

A

Loftier and slower waves, only spend 20 minutes here

68
Q

NREM 3 waves

A

Large and slower waves (slow wave sleep or delta waves)

69
Q

Hypnogogic experiences

A

Falling asleep

  • fantastic rapid images (hallucinations)
  • sense of floating or weightlessness or falling (sudden jerk might wake you up)
70
Q

REM SLEEP

A

paradoxal sleep

  • brain very active
  • muscles so relaxed almost paralyzed
  • difficult to wake someone up here, but if you do they will be very alert and engage in conversation right away.
  • 80% of dreams here
  • many internal organs highly aroused but irregular (breathing, heart rate)
71
Q

Sleep theories

A
  1. Protects
  2. Recuperates: tissue in brain repairs, energy charging
  3. Helps remember: consolidate memories
  4. Promoters growth: pituitary gland releases growth hormones during sleep and have biggest impact. As you age, gland releases less.
72
Q

Sleep depreciation symptoms

A
  1. Fatigue and subsequent death (frequency of accidents increase)
  2. Impaired concentration
  3. Emotional irrationality
  4. Depressed immune system
73
Q

Fatal familial insomnia

A

Can not fall asleep for 6-30 months) impacts 40-60 ur olds.
Can cause panic attacks, phobias, agitation, hallucinations, rapid aging and weight loss, thalamus degenerates, severe form of dementia, disruption in memory ability, loose ability to speak, death, multiple organ failure

74
Q

What do we dream

A
  1. Negative emotional content 80%
  2. Sexual dreams more in men 1/10 vs 1/30
  3. Dreams of gender: men and men and women and both
  4. Nightmares (REM) are not night terrors (NREM3)
  5. Lucid dreams - dreamer can control direction of the dream
75
Q

Why do we dream? Since we all do

A
  1. Activation synthesis: when in REM, mind is very active, and neural networks are going through memories. Left hemisphere interpreter attempts to make sense of all the information.
  2. Wish fulfillment
  3. Brain growth and preservation ( during REM, preserves memories and grows brain. Dream stimulation that helps develop neural pathways)
  4. Store memories
  5. REM activity (when reprieved, then get it beck , people immediately fall into REM : REM REBound)
76
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Freud’s theory: dreams work as psychic safety net to engage in actions that are unacceptable or unrealistic in real life.
-content is symbolic of unconscious desires

77
Q

Klein-levin syndrome

A

-person sleeps for days on end and sleepwalks during this and even eats/ uses bathroom but with no memory

78
Q

Sleep- wake disorder

A

Persons circadian rhythm has different clock:26-27 hour cycle, time to bed and up is always different

79
Q

Sleep disruptions

A

Terrible headaches, muscle spasms and such that don’t allow for 90 minute cycle

80
Q

Hypnophobia

A

Fear of falling asleep

81
Q

Hypnalgia

A

Pain while dreaming

82
Q

Insomnia

A

Most common sleep disorder (30% of pop and 15% severe)

Waking up and can’t stay asleep. Even when sleeping, do not feel refreshed. Stress/ emotional problems/ drugs and alcohol/ medical conditions can cause it.

83
Q

Narcolepsy

A

1/2000 people- overwhelming urged to sleep unpredictably and drop starfish into REM sleep for 5 minutes. Muscles paralyzed

84
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Not able to breathe properly while sleeping, suffocates, and wakes up gasping then falls back to sleep. Passing in and out of sleep up to 500 times which deprives of NREM deep sleep. Never feel refreshed.

Upper airway: muscles in tongue, throat and airway shits off

CNS: brains stops diaphragm

85
Q

Night terrors

A

Person is very panicked and highly aroused. In children, blood curdling screams, but no memory. 7% of children and 2% of adults. Not a nightmare as it is in NREM 3

86
Q

Sleep walking

A
  • NREM3
  • in and out of sleep
  • runs in families
  • prevalence same as night terrors
  • caused by sleep deprivation
  • treatment: anticipatory awakening
87
Q

Sleep hygiene

A
  • establish sleep rhythm (go to bed same time and get up same time)
  • don’t take naps
  • don’t sleep in more than 1 hour
  • avoid alcohol within 2 hours
  • avoid caffeine within 6 hours
  • avoid vigorous exercise just before
  • avoid bright tv before

Psychology (6 decks)

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