Final Lectures Flashcards
Backmasking lyrics research
No participants could identify backwards message or meaning of message. No participants were persuaded in behaviour by backmasking lyrics.
Prarkanis research on subliminal persuasion press
- belief that people are powerless against subliminal persuasion
- belief of untapped ability in unconscious mind that can be used subliminally.
- businesses accused of subliminal persuasion will fail regardless
Best way to get someone to buy something
Market in a standout and obnoxious way
Signal detection theory
Deducts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) skin background noise. Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on:
- experiences
- motivation
- level of fatigue
- expectations
Difference threshold
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, also called just noticeable difference.
-depends on intensity of original stimulus
Ex: two envelopes, one with a dollar and one with 2, easy to tell which has more. But now two boots in each hand and one dollar in one and 2 in other, now hard to tell because Intensity of original stimulus is now greater
Weber’s law
Two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different
Cornea
Iris
Lens
First point of entry, clear protective layer
Determines how much light enters the eye using muscles
Flexible, transparent membrane that changes shape depending on what we are looking at
Retina
Pupil
Optic nerve
Contains sense organs responsible for light energy transduction to mind
Where light goes in eye
Collects retina into and transports to brain
Fovea
Point of central focus of eye
Accommodation
The process by which the eyes lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.
- distant objects=elongated lens
- close objects=shorter and fatter lens
As we age tissues aren’t as flexible and we develop inability to see objects close up
Nearsightedness
Farsightedness
Nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects (fatter shape)
Faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects (longer shape)
Retina process
- Light enters eye triggering photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina
- Chemical reaction in turn activated bipolar cells
- Bipolar cells than activate the ganglion cells, the axons of which converge to form the optic nerve. This nerve transmits information to the visual cortex in the brains occipital lobe
The optic nerve is made up of
Myelinated ganglion axons
Cones vs rods
Number: 6M vs 120M Location in retina: center vs periphery Sensitivity in dim light: low vs high Colour sensitive: yes vs no Detail sensitive: yes. Vs no
Cones are most sensitive to which colours
Yellow and green
Dark adaptation
Hard to see as you move into dark, but vision improves over time. Rods adapt slower but as time goes on they get more and more sensitive to light, within 25-30 min you e completely adapted and see all you can.
Rods are highly sensitive to which colour
Rods have low sensitivity to which colour
Blue
Red
Receptive field
Network of ganglion cells that only respond to certain patterns of light
-provides beginning of interpretation such as where object starts and stops
Center surround receptive field
If you took neuron firing measuring device and nothing is in receptive field then baseline firing. If light is in fields Center then firing rate is rapid.
Herman grid
If you focus on any point, black dots disappear. Perceptual field is being tricked by edges of squares to see nonexistent black dots
Feature detection
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features, such as edges, angles and movement. If stimulus is rotated, cells respond less than first orientation.
Shape detection
Specific combinations of temporal lobe activity occur as people look at shoes, faces, chairs and houses
Fusiform gyrus
Damage here caused prosopagnosia= form of face blindness where people can’t recognize and see other faces
Gestalt psychology
whole is greater than sum of parts
Gestalt principles
- Principle of proximity ( objects close together, perceived as units or groups)
- Principle of similarity
- Principle of good continuation
- Principle of closure
- Principle of common fate (objects moving together are perceived together)
Trichromatic theory
Hemholtz sugfested that the retina should contain 3 receptors that are sensitive to red, blue and green colours. With colour mixing you can make any colour. Dedicated cones for certain colours.
-not good theory to understand why yellow is seen as a primary colour and explaining after images
Colour blindness
Recessive genetic disorder in which people are blind to green or red colours. Supports trichromatic theory.
Opponent colour process theory
Proposal that we process four primary colours combined in pairs of red-green, blue-yellow and black-white.
-if one colour is fatigued from staring, opponent colour becomes more stimulated
Which colour theory is correct
Both theories are correct in own way. The retina is best explained by trichromatic and the brain is best explained by opponent processing
Sound waves
The compression and rare fraction of air molecules
Timber
Same intensity on different instruments will sound different
Prolonged exposure above ___ decibels produces hearing loss
85
Pain threshold in hearing
130 decibels
Immediately damages war
Tinnitus
Ringing in ears (form of hallucination) due to hearing loss
3 regions of ear
Outer ear- fleshy exterior (pin a): collects sound waves in auditory Chantal and eardrum (timpanum)
Middle ear: 3 bones(hammer, anvil and stirrup)
Inner ear: cochlea (oval window the connects to stirrup) and semicircular canals
Pathway of ear
Vibration collected by ear drum transferred to tiny bones to oval window. Cochlea filled with fluid that moves in time to compressed airways, this stimulates hair receptors, that generate neural impulse.
Semicircular canal processes ended of balance
Cochlea
Converts sound waves to neural impulse
-middle of cochlea has Basilian membrane with protruding hair cells (16000) that bend back and forth by rippling cochlear fluid. Hairs movement generates neural impulse to auditory nerve and then to auditory cortex of temporal lobe.
Place theory
Sound frequencies stimulate the basil air membrane at specific places. High frequency tend to stimulate near oval window, low frequency stimulate further along. No matter what frequency hair cells closest to oval window are stimulated but with age damage occurs here so we can’t hear high frequency as well.
Frequency theory
The rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone
Problem: how frequency sounds can be heard (2000 hz), basil air membrane can’t move that fast….. volley principle: various hair cells can take turns in time to produce high frequency.
Which audition theory is correct
Need both to understand completely. place theory better to explain high frequency and frequency threat better at explaining low frequency
Localization of sounds
Auditory system detects direction
- vision and hearing closely related.
- people can easily tell if a sound is from left or right
Sounds shadow
Sounds from behind create sound shadow from pinna which lessons sounds. Front sounds have no shadow
Papilia
Little bumps where soluble chemicals bind in mouth
Similarities in gustation and olfaction
Soluble chemicals
Lock and key principle
Olfactory bulb
Just below forebrain, direct connection to brain, so thalamus not needed and can connect to memory easily.
Motion sickness is caused by
Vestibular sense says one thing but eyes say other
Vestibular sense
Balance and head position
Provided by semicircular canals vestibular sacs that send neural impulses
Skin senses (touch)
- pressure
- warmth
- cold
- pain
- no receptor for hot, hot is stimulated by receptors for warmth and cold
Pain
Paint elks the bod that swim thing is wrong. Usually pain results from damage to the skin and other tissues
Acute vs chronic pain
Fast acting, sharp and focussed (protective)
Slow acting, dull, and diffuses (healing) keeps you still
Gate control theory
Gates in our spinal cord either block pain or allow it to be sensed. Large fibers close gate, small fibers open gate. Brain controls gate.
Explains of brain controlling pain gate
- battle and sports injuries result in people being unaware of severe pain
- acupuncture causes stimulation of large fibers and releases endorphins
- cultural influences like hook swinging causing euphoria
- phantom pain (people who lost limbs report feeling pain in the lost limb or feeling the limb still), stingiest meds don’t help, rendering yourself unconscious may help
Pain control
Need to pay attention to control pain
-by distracting individual with VR, pain can be controlled
Consciousness and awareness
An awareness of ourselves and our environment
Degree to which a person can repeatedly express brain processes symbolically (words, actions, drawings)
Subconscious
Information not currently in consciousness
Unconscious mind
Processes not conscious (difficult/ impossible) to bring into conscious mind.
- Freud: repressed feelings and desires
- modern: automatic process (driving, tying shoe)
The unconscious mind processes information simultaneously on…while the conscious mind processes information….
Multiple tracks if well practiced
Sequentially (can’t multitask)
Parallel processing only if well practiced
Blind sight
Ability to respond to visual stimulus with no conscious stimulus presented.
Selective attention
Allows us to give priority to something in our environment
- inattention blindness
- change blindness
Biological rhythms controlled by internal “biological clocks”
- Annual (migration of birds, SAD)
- 28 day (menstrual)
- 24 hour
- 90 minute
Circadian rhythm
24 hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness
- light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease morning melatonin from the pineal gland and increase it at night
- body temp changes to be low at night and high in day
- adenosine son brain are low in morning and higher at night
90 minute sleep cycle
We pass through a cycle of four stages of sleep. REM most similar to awake, REM increases as night progresses. Spend most time in NREM3. With each cycle NREM3 decreases. Older adults spend less time in NREM 3 and wake up more often
Beta waves
Wake waves, alert, very rapid and narrow
Waking alpha waves
When someone is very relaxed/meditation, greater amplitude but slower than beta
REM waves
Between beta and waking alpha waves
Eyes move back and forth only here
NREM 1 waves
Bigger and slower waves - Theta waves (day dreaming) only 10 minutes here
NREM2 waves
Loftier and slower waves, only spend 20 minutes here
NREM 3 waves
Large and slower waves (slow wave sleep or delta waves)
Hypnogogic experiences
Falling asleep
- fantastic rapid images (hallucinations)
- sense of floating or weightlessness or falling (sudden jerk might wake you up)
REM SLEEP
paradoxal sleep
- brain very active
- muscles so relaxed almost paralyzed
- difficult to wake someone up here, but if you do they will be very alert and engage in conversation right away.
- 80% of dreams here
- many internal organs highly aroused but irregular (breathing, heart rate)
Sleep theories
- Protects
- Recuperates: tissue in brain repairs, energy charging
- Helps remember: consolidate memories
- Promoters growth: pituitary gland releases growth hormones during sleep and have biggest impact. As you age, gland releases less.
Sleep depreciation symptoms
- Fatigue and subsequent death (frequency of accidents increase)
- Impaired concentration
- Emotional irrationality
- Depressed immune system
Fatal familial insomnia
Can not fall asleep for 6-30 months) impacts 40-60 ur olds.
Can cause panic attacks, phobias, agitation, hallucinations, rapid aging and weight loss, thalamus degenerates, severe form of dementia, disruption in memory ability, loose ability to speak, death, multiple organ failure
What do we dream
- Negative emotional content 80%
- Sexual dreams more in men 1/10 vs 1/30
- Dreams of gender: men and men and women and both
- Nightmares (REM) are not night terrors (NREM3)
- Lucid dreams - dreamer can control direction of the dream
Why do we dream? Since we all do
- Activation synthesis: when in REM, mind is very active, and neural networks are going through memories. Left hemisphere interpreter attempts to make sense of all the information.
- Wish fulfillment
- Brain growth and preservation ( during REM, preserves memories and grows brain. Dream stimulation that helps develop neural pathways)
- Store memories
- REM activity (when reprieved, then get it beck , people immediately fall into REM : REM REBound)
Wish fulfillment
Freud’s theory: dreams work as psychic safety net to engage in actions that are unacceptable or unrealistic in real life.
-content is symbolic of unconscious desires
Klein-levin syndrome
-person sleeps for days on end and sleepwalks during this and even eats/ uses bathroom but with no memory
Sleep- wake disorder
Persons circadian rhythm has different clock:26-27 hour cycle, time to bed and up is always different
Sleep disruptions
Terrible headaches, muscle spasms and such that don’t allow for 90 minute cycle
Hypnophobia
Fear of falling asleep
Hypnalgia
Pain while dreaming
Insomnia
Most common sleep disorder (30% of pop and 15% severe)
Waking up and can’t stay asleep. Even when sleeping, do not feel refreshed. Stress/ emotional problems/ drugs and alcohol/ medical conditions can cause it.
Narcolepsy
1/2000 people- overwhelming urged to sleep unpredictably and drop starfish into REM sleep for 5 minutes. Muscles paralyzed
Sleep apnea
Not able to breathe properly while sleeping, suffocates, and wakes up gasping then falls back to sleep. Passing in and out of sleep up to 500 times which deprives of NREM deep sleep. Never feel refreshed.
Upper airway: muscles in tongue, throat and airway shits off
CNS: brains stops diaphragm
Night terrors
Person is very panicked and highly aroused. In children, blood curdling screams, but no memory. 7% of children and 2% of adults. Not a nightmare as it is in NREM 3
Sleep walking
- NREM3
- in and out of sleep
- runs in families
- prevalence same as night terrors
- caused by sleep deprivation
- treatment: anticipatory awakening
Sleep hygiene
- establish sleep rhythm (go to bed same time and get up same time)
- don’t take naps
- don’t sleep in more than 1 hour
- avoid alcohol within 2 hours
- avoid caffeine within 6 hours
- avoid vigorous exercise just before
- avoid bright tv before
