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Psychology > Lectures For Test 1 > Flashcards

Lectures For Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sygmond Froyd

A

Long couch, blankets, relaxing, Freud sits at angle from patient.

Free association- client encouraged to say anything that comes to their mind with no edit for years

Gets insight into persons motivation and behaviour

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2
Q

Men and women are more ___ than___

A

Similar than different

Ex: time to walk/talk as babies

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3
Q

Physical aggression in men and women comparison

A
  • violent crime ratio is 7:1 for men in Canada and 9:1 men is US
  • hunting, fishing, warring more men participate
  • in support for Iraq war: 51% men be 34% women
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4
Q

General intelligence comparison in men and women

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
LANGUAGE
MATH

A
  • Average IQ same for boys and girls
  • largest difference in extremes (boys more likely to be on either end of scale)
  • girls tend to be more intellectually balanced
  • girls have stronger language abilities more often
  • more girls win spelling bees
  • girls more verbally fluent
  • girls remember more words than boys
  • girls better at computation in math
  • boys better at problem solving in math
  • boys are at extremes of math, girls balanced
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5
Q

When given a task of picking 2 of the same rotated objects from a list of 4 what gender has the advantage and why in spatial ability

A

Men have advantage in accuracy and speed

Parietal lobe: more dense regions for spatial tasks in men

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6
Q

The frontal lobe contains the brim as area which is used for expressive language. Which gender has the more densely packed area

A

Women

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7
Q

Gender differences in sexuality

A
  • men dream of, desire and initiate sex more often
  • more likely to dream of men than women due to competition
  • 54% of men think of sex several times a day where as in women it is 19%
  • men more likely to endorse sex earlier in relationship
  • men more interested in causal sex
  • men put more importance in attraction
  • men respond to more sexual stimuli
  • first intercourse reason: women-affection 48% men-affection 26%
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8
Q

In Clark and hatfields experiment, what were the results about men and sexual behaviour

A

When a random women approached men to have sex with them-75% of men agreed.

When a men approached a women it was never accepted and seen as disgusting

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9
Q

Is there a difference in sexual orientation and sexual attraction standards

A

Gay men similar to straight men in how they view sex

Gay women similar to straight women as well

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10
Q

Psychological disorders and gender

A

Women are 2x more likely to be depressed and have anxiety. And 10x more likely to have an eating disorder.

Men are 4x more likely to commit suicide or turn to alcoholism, and there is a 4:1 ration of men who have ADHD as children. 3x more likely to have antisocial personality

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11
Q

How are men’s suicide rates higher if women commit if more often???

A

Men are more successful- use deadlier methods

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12
Q

Why are women more likely to be depressed and have anxiety

A

Tend to internalize emotional responses

Men to to externalizer them (alcohol)

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13
Q

Wundt
James
Watson

A

Structuralism- father of modern day psychology by conducting first psych experiment in 1879 in Leipzig Germany

Functionalism- 1890’s

Behaviouralism-1910’s

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14
Q

Wundt was interested in

A

Stream of consciousness, focus on structuralism to understand consciousness- take people’s thoughts and break down into parts and build psychological atoms in arrangements to understand complex thoughts and behaviours (periodic table)

Used introspection

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15
Q

Introspection

A

Use of trained observers. People perform self evaluation to understand themselves (consciousness)

Twitcher coined this term for his teacher Wundt

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16
Q

James’ view

A

Studies consciousness too but in the form of functionalism borrows from Darwin.

Consciousness is an adaptive function to humans.

James asked what is the purpose/ function of consciousness

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17
Q

Watsons’ view

A

Inspired by Pavlov- argued that psych subject matter was more behaviourism. Need to focus on behaviour not what is in the mind. Had problem with introspection as there is no way to verify it

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18
Q

Cognitive revolution

A

1960’s

Put mine back in focus over behaviour in psychology

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19
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes

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20
Q

Everyday ways of knowing about people/ behaviour other than scientific method

A
  • common sense
  • tenacity (it has always been so)
  • intuition (we feel it is so)
  • authority
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21
Q

Scientific study

A

Steps for analyzing and solving problems

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22
Q

Cognitive dissonance

Example

A

People need to justify behaviour

Can you justify a task for $20 or $1

In experiment of doing useless tasks and then be given either $20 or $1, people who liked the tasks DIDN’T even want the $1, people who rated the tasks as boring justified it by getting $20.

People gave higher ratings when paid less

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23
Q

Tension reduction

A

People hate feeling uncomfortable and will do anything to avoid cognitive tension.

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24
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Medical professionals who are experts in human behaviour/ relationships who are also medical doctors and can prescribe medications for psychopathologies

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25
Q

Milgrims experiment and common sense

A
  • a learner who was in on it
  • teacher who was participate
  • experimenter who said things to keep teacher going
  • shocks for wrong answers keep growing in intensity

Psychiatrists believed no human would even reach shock levels beyond a certain point. However majority did because they felt pressure from an authority figure.

60% gave deadly shock levels

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26
Q

Hindsight bias

A

I knew it all along

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27
Q

Viewpoints of milgram experiments

A
  • some say unethical and damaged reputation of researchers
  • debriefing after experiment left majority glad they participated and learned that just words could get them to harm or kill others
  • no negative effects can be proven following experiment on participants
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28
Q

Scientific method

A

An objective systematic approach that combines rationalism and empiricism to correct for biases in observations

  • objective: not bias to feelings, observations are verifiable by others
  • rationalism: use logic and reason to draw conclusions
  • empiricism: use sensory information to check your logic and reasoning
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29
Q

Example of syllogism

A

All crows are black
I see a crow
Therefore I see a black crow

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30
Q

Naïve realism

A

Our senses can fool us

Ex: same length arrows

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31
Q

Draw the scientific method, psychology, rationalism, empiricism and ideas shape outline

A 
Psychology 
                                |
                               V
Ideas  scientific method 
                               ^
                                |
     Rationalism.              Empiricism
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32
Q

Goals of psychology

A
  • describe
  • explain
  • predict
  • control
  • improve quality of life
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33
Q

Description in goals of psychology

A

Focus is on what is directly observable

  • responses (behaviours and actions)
  • stimuli (triggers of responses )

Ex: antisocial behaviours- prejudice
Eye movements while reading
What part of brain lights up when Imagining a scene

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34
Q

Explanation in the goals of psychology

A

What causes the behaviour

  • permissible to infer inner states or processes (fear)
  • intervening variable - unseen state or process responsible for the behaviour (connect observable stimuli to measurable responses)
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35
Q

Andrea Yates

Biological perspective

A

Killed children in bathtub because they weren’t developing properly

Low self esteem
Depression
Psychosis (severe impairment in thinking and perceiving emotions l responses) - do not believe anything is wrong with them

  • behaviour genetics: mood disorders and depression in family
  • neuroscience: neurotransmitter sera ronin reduced in people with depression
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36
Q

Behavioural and social cultural context to Andrea Yates

A
  • why was she removed from medication?
  • why husband not more supportive?
  • where was extended family?
  • impregnated with 5th against doctors wishes
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37
Q

Complementary perspectives

Biopsychosocial

A

Behaviour and mental prefixes are complex and made up of all these

Biological

  • neuroscience
  • behaviour genetics
  • evolutionary

Psychological

  • psychodynamic
  • behavioural
  • cognitive

Social cultural

  • others present
  • culture/ family/ social
  • peers/ group
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38
Q

Prediction in goals of psychology

A

Statement about how likely an event or relationship will be found

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39
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable statement that something will happen under specific conditions

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40
Q

FAP

A

Fixed action pattern (instinct)

Tina Turkey only provided maternal behaviour when she heard chirping

41
Q

Do humans have FAP

A

Not really… not in same way as animals

Sucking response about it

42
Q

Control in goals of psychology

A

Ability to control various aspects of behaviour/ experience

  • start
  • maintain
  • stop
  • change strength/rate of a particular behaviour

Ex: can you get someone to smoke and then stop smoking??

43
Q

Improve quality of life in goals of psychology using two types of research

A

Applied research:
-solutions to practical problems
Examples: does a third brake light persevere lives?, Does money create happiness?

Basic research:
-pursuit of knowledge for the sake of knowledge
Examples: can robots become conscious?, how smart are animals???

44
Q

Basic research is the _____ for ____

A

Foundation

Applied research

Knowledge gained can become solutions to practical problems later on

45
Q

Clever Hans story

A

Von oster believed horses were just as intelligent as humans if trained to be…

So he taught Celver Hans everything and clever Hans could answer any question and even spell out answers… von invited scientists to check out his horse.

Pfungst disagreed with theory that Hans was smart instead had a theory that clever Hans was picked up on subtle social cues in the audience. So he tested it by putting blinders on horse and then having no one in audience know the answer and Hans could no longer give correct answers.

46
Q

Facts

Theories

Hypothesis

A

Objective statement based on observation

Model that explains existing facts and predicts new ones

Derives from theory and predicts new facts

47
Q

Circle of scientific inquiry

A

Never ending

Facts-theories-hypothesis- facts- theory- hypothesis

Observation-hypothesis-prediction

48
Q

Grid box strategy

A

Design= E: experimental, C: Correlational, D=descriptive study

Data= SR: self report, O: observational

Setting= L: Laboratory, F: Field

49
Q

Operational definitions

A

Statements about the procedures or operations for a study and measurements of results

Ex: fear (moving away)
Attraction (time spent gazing)

50
Q

Experiment research design

A

-Most direct way to test a hypothesis
Goal: to investigate how dependent variable is effected by independent variable
-control all other relevant variables so only IV is working (true experiment) : removes all confounds

51
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables besides the IV that may effect the DV

If extraneous variables are controlled to not change you can say the IV caused the DV

52
Q

Types of experiment

A

Within-subjects
-The same participants are exposed to all different levels of IV

Ex: Clever Hans

Between-subjects
-randomly assigned people (maybe in different groups) and exposed to different trials.

53
Q

Correlational study

A

-can’t say IV caused other variable to change
-no manipulated IV’s
-simply observe or measure 2 or more variables
-establish lawful relationships and make predictions
Ex: self esteem and depression

NO CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

Ex: punishment is harmful to children’s development study where random parents and children were observed.

54
Q

Correlation and causation in example

A

Was parenting style the cause of children’s behaviour?

Was children’s behaviour the cause of parenting style?

Was family status, health, neighbourhood or income the cause of parenting style and or child’s behaviour?

55
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Confirmation bias:

People tend to confirm evidence for something they believe to be true

Ex: infertile parents are more likely to conceive after adopting

56
Q

To have an appropriate correlation you must evaluate

A

Confirming and disconfirming evidence otherwise it leads to illusory correlation

57
Q

Random events

A

People tend to think extraordinary events are proof for extraordinary concepts. However it is really about chance.

Random sequences are all equally as likely

HTHTHT likely as HHHHHH

58
Q

Gamblers fallacy

A

People tend to link between past events and future events when the two are really unrelated.

Ex: if heads 5 times in a row it’s not more likely to be tails on the next toss

59
Q

In perception of order

Humans tend to

A

Seek relationships, meaning and explanations yet discount chance as an explanation

Leads to bias

60
Q

Descriptive study

A
  • Careful statement about how things are
  • May or may not involve numbers
  • case studies, surgery’s, naturalistic observations
  • useful for developing insights into relationships
  • no cause-effect correlation

Ex: survey of how many people have disease in Winnipeg. Looking at mating behaviour in mallards

61
Q

Settings

A

Lab: careful control but artificial
Can lead to subject reactivity (more on guard in a lab)
Field: natural, but little control

62
Q

Data

A

Self report: introspection; can lead to false results as people are not always honest.
-surgery’s, interviews, and rating scales

Observation: tests, devices and behaviour observations

  • IQ, reading skills, reaction time
  • observe deuces and describe behaviour
63
Q

Data can come up with _______ to come up with new ideas

A

Empirical evidence

64
Q

Types of Statistics

A
  1. Descriptive statistics-organize/summarizing data

2. Inferential statistics-draw conclusions about data

65
Q

Properties of descriptive statistics

A

Shape (symmetry and modality)
Center
Spread

66
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Mode-most frequently occurring score
Median-middle number
Mean -average number

67
Q

Symmetrical distribution

A

Mode=median=mean

68
Q

Positively skewed spread

A

Median< mean

Mode and median are close

69
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

70
Q

Standard deviation

A

A computer measure of how much scores vary around the mean.

71
Q

Empirical rule

A

68% within 1 SD
95% within 2 SD
99.7% within 3 SD

72
Q

Scatterplots

A

Graph consisting of points derived from two variables

  • direction of relationship +,-, none
  • strength of relationship strong, weak
73
Q

Correlation coefficient

What’s a perfect positive relationship or perfect negative relationship

A

Number that describes the direction and strength relationship of a scatterplots

Perfect positive relationship =1.00
-1.00

74
Q

Population

Sample

A

Large group

Smaller subset of population

75
Q

Statistical significance

A

Are our findings a fluke? P-value measures chance influences. When p-value is small it is very unlikely the findings are just a fluke.
5% or less is small p-value

P<5% = statistically significant and not by chance

P<0.05

76
Q

Effect size matters

A

Demonstrate big effects not little to be practical

77
Q

What did ancient Greeks think the brain did and how did they discover info about the brain

A

Blood cooler

Noticed brain injuries changed people

78
Q

Nervous system

Endocrine system

A

speedy electrochemical (nerve cells)

Slow hormonal (blood stream used)

79
Q

When we sleep what gland releases melatonin to slow down bodily functions

A

Pineal gland

80
Q

CNS

PNS

A

Central nervous system
-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

  • connects CNS to rest of the body
  • connects all sensory systems to brain and allows brain to send messages out to the body to control glands and muscles
81
Q

Automatic and somatic nervous system

A

Automatic

  • unconscious control of organs and glands
  • sweating, breathing

Somatic (conscious)

  • controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
  • writing, reading, running
82
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic examples

A

Sympathetic

  • dialates pupils
  • accelerate heartbeat
  • inhibits digestion
  • stimulates glucose release in liver
  • stimulates ejaculation
  • relaxes bladder (pee to release water weight)

Parasympathetic

  • contracts pupils
  • slows heartbeat
  • stimulates digestion
  • stimulates gallbladder
  • contracts bladder
  • allows blood flow to sex organs
83
Q

Is it healthy to be in sympathetic control for long?

A

No can result in organ failure and death

84
Q

Can you be in sympathetic and parasympathetic at same time

A

Nope

85
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Gap between my selling sheath that Assist speed of impulse like myelin sheath

86
Q

Not all nerves have ______ but those that do have increased ____

A

Myelin sheath

Increases neural impulses

87
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Contain neurotransmitters that are released to synaptic gap/cleft and migrate to dendrites of receiving neuron.

88
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of mylenated axons

Always dedicated to specific functions (optic nerve)
Exclusively contained in PNS

89
Q

Neurons are located in

A

PNS AND CNS

90
Q

Neuron types

A

Peripheral
Sensory (afferent)- detects physical qualities
Motor(efferent)- terminating on muscle/gland to move or release hormone

Internuron (CNS only)- connect systems together and bring info into and out of the brain. Brain is made up of inter neurons.

91
Q

85 Billion neurons but only a few million are

A

Motor or sensory neurons

92
Q

Spinal cord and reflexes

A

Skin receptors pick up on heat or pain and send signal to spinal cord which sends it to inter heron that connects sensory neuron to motor neuron that moves finger away from pain. Other interneuron send information to brain and brain register pain after finger is moved away.

93
Q

Glial cells

A
  • dispose of cellular waste
  • insulate the axons of some neurons (myelin sheath) to increase speed of transmission
  • form the blood brain barrier
94
Q

Resting potential

A

Neuron has stored up electrical chemical energy (polarized)

Has capacity to create an action potential

95
Q

Action potential

A

Release of stored up electrical energy (depolarization)

Neuron fires

96
Q

Refractory period

A
  • absolute

- relative

97
Q

All or none law

A

Size of action potential is not influenced by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold.

AP only travels away from the cell body down the axon

98
Q

Myelin sheath

A 
Nodes of ranvier
(Salaries conduction) 
-diseases 
MS
Guillian-Barré syndrome

Psychology (6 decks)

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