Lectures 9-13 Flashcards
Gilt? Barrow? Sow? Boar? Weaner? Piglet? Shoat? Fat hog/finisher? Feeder pig?
Gilt- female that has not farrowed Barrow- castrated male Sow- female that has farrowed Boar- intact male Weaner- piglet that has been weaned Piglet- babies not yet weaned Shoat- little bit older than a weaner Fat hog/finisher- ready for market Feeder pig- older than shoat, getting ready for market
All in/all out?
Animals all come in at once and all leave at once
Done for disease control- not mixing ages of pigs/keeping same ages together
Able to deep clean barn/environment after pigs leave
Depop/repop?
Getting of population due to disease or other reason and repopulating
PRDC?
Porcine resp disease complex
“Shipping fever”
Feedback
System used to do all inoculations on farm- take pathogenic material on farm and expose everyone at same time
Useful for rotavirus, TGE, etc
What is one of the most important things in pig raising
Biosecurity
Non productive sow day
When sows are not gestating or lactating= 3 to 7 days
PEDV
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Used to be foreign animal disease but now in US
Batch farrowing
Spread out farrowing at intervals
SEW?
MEW?
MMEW?
Segregated early weaning
Medicated early weaning
Modified medicated early weaning
2 and 3 site production
Different sites- sows and weaned pigs
Or
Sows, weaned pigs, and finisher pigs
SPF?
Specific pathogen free
Primary= c section derived
Secondary= born from primary pigs
Types of pig operations
Farrow to finish Feeder pig producer Feeder pig finisher Pure bred producer Breeding/genetic companies Specialty/ niche market (show pigs, roasters, etc)
Which pigs are used as maternal line
White pigs- yorkshire, landrace, chester white
Have more teats
Which pigs are used as paternal line
“Terminal line”
Colored/dark
Duroc, berkshirem hampshire, spot, poland china
What is used as heat check boar
Meishan- because smaller
Terminal cross?
Offspring is supposed to be ideal market pig
Maternal cross
Offspring is supposed to be best mom
Do you want heterosis?
Yes!
Use of abx in swine herd
Can be used for
Prevention, treatment, and control (treat disease or to prevent major outbreak)
NOT for gain/feed efficiency
Can you use extra label drug use for feed grade abx
NOOOOOOO not at all. very serious
Characteristics for abx
Water soluble
Palatable
Check residues/ compatibility
Is it cost effective?
Things to think about before treating animal with abx
Cost of drug vs cost of animal Withdrawal time Ease of administration Is animal marketable after administration? Is treatment legal? Vet/client relationship
Biosecurity boils down to:
Exclusion
Segregation
Dedication
Acceptable euthanasia under any conditions
Carbon dioxide
Captive bolt
Anesthetic overdose
Acceptable euthanasia under certain conditions
Gunshot
Electrocution
Blunt force trauma
+/- followed by exsanguination
Advantages of all in/all out
Increase feed efficiency and ADG by 8-25%
Decrease death
Increase use of facility
Ease of management
Birth weight of pigs
3-3.5 lbs
Weight at weaning
21 days- 12 lbs
28 days- 17 lbs
Market weight
230-280 lbs
Weight at 8 weeks
40 lbs
Age at market weight
6 months
On farm with sick, options for rescue?
Abx (water, feed, parenteral)
Antiserums
Euthanasia
Other
How to prevent disease
Sanitation Vaccination Abx Management Genetics Biosecurity Other
What to do with pigs 1-3 days
Give iron! We’re asking them to grow as hard as they can for 6 months and they are born borderline iron deficient
Keep warm and dry
Take care of navel
+/- tail, ear notch, abx, coccidiostats, antiserum, needle teeth
Castration
Drugs labelled for pain relief in pigs
None :(
Only two anti-inflammatories
What to do at day 7
Castrate if not already Gilt/boar selection Underline screening for gilts Creep feed \+/- vx (immune system is totally ready to respond to vaccines but may need to start vx if high risk; bordetella, pasturella, erysipelas, circovirus
What to do at 14-28 days
Iron
Vaccinate (?)- mycoplasma, PRRS, circovirus, erysipelas
Parasite control
Wean/split weaning
What to do at 6-8 weeks
Vaccination
Site specific factors
Management factors
Prebreeding gilts
Selection at 180 pounds
Flush feed and boar exposure to induce puberty
Parasite control
Vaccinate- parvo, lepto, erysipelas
Prebreeding sows
Vaccinate- parvo, lepto, erysipelas, SIV, PRRSV
Parasites
Biosecurity/ herd immunity
Gilts/sows prefarrowing
Colostrum management
Vaccinate- e coli, TGE, rotavirus, mycoplasma, clostridium perfringens
Need two 2 doses
Parasites
Disease=
(Dose x virulence) / resistance
Case history of enteric diseases
Morbidity/mortality
Age at onset
Duration of signs
Body condition after cessation of diarrhea
Clinical exam of enteric diseases
Consistency, color, odor, volume
PH
Body temp- not usually helpful
Dehydration
What type of necropsy specimen do you want
Untreated
Clinical signs less than one day
Several animals
Colibacillosis
Aka: white scours, wet tail scours, ETEC
Incidence is everywhere
Up to 100% of litters- dirty herds, low temp, low colostrum
Clin signs- profuse yellow/white watery diarrhea 12-24 hours after birth; thickened small intestine on necropsy
Colibacillosis pathogenesis
Ecoli attach and secrete toxin in fluid of SI
Colibacillosis diagnosis
History Culture pillus antigen PCR Histopath Response to treatment Impression smear
Colicbacillosis treatment and prevention
Abx
Fluids
Probiotics
Prevention: clean, dry environment; vaccinate sow
TGE
Coronavirus
Two versions- epizootic (classic outbreaks in late fall, winter, and spring); enzootic (year round)
Affects all ages unlike colibaccilosis which affects babies
TGE clin signs
Epizootic- profuse watery diarrhea, milk curds, vomiting
Enzootic- signs variable but usually in weaned pigs
TGE pathogenesis
Villi is damaged resulting in malabsorption, diarrhea, dehydration
Takes 7-10 days for enterocytes to recover
**necropsy will show thin S.I unlike E coli
TGE tx and prevention
Fluids/ supportive care Prayer Abx for secondary infections Wean earlier Increase temp of sow
Prevention- feedback program, vx, quaratine and test new animals
PEDV
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Coronavirus All ages effected Looks like epizootic form of TGE Destroy villi and enterocytes, thin SI
Coccidosis
Isospora suis
Sow isn’t the source, its the crate
Coccidiosis clinical signs
Must be at least 4-5 days old
Gaunt and rough hair coat
Pasty diarrhea
Stunted/runts
Necropsy coccidiosis
Thickened and turgid intestine
Diagnosis of coccidiosis
Age!
No response to treatment for E coli
Treatment for coccidiosis
All extra label
Control for coccidiosis
Hygiene Heat treatment Quaternary ammonia compounds Lime treatment of pens Chlorox
Clostridial enteritis
Less than 7 to 14 days of age
Hemorrhagic diarrhea!
First sign of clostridial enteritis
Dead piglets
Necropsy clostridial enteritis
Blood in intestine
Tx of clostridial enteritis
Abx- gram positive
Antitoxin
Clostridium control
Vaccination
Antitoxin
Hygiene
Feed abx to lactating sows on label (bacitracin)
Rotavirus
Diarrhea- mild
Usually 7-14 days old
Doesn’t damage villi as much as PEDv adn TGE
Thin intestines
Diseases of weaned pig
21-28 days Colibacillosis Edema disease Rotavirus Endemic TGE
Diseases of piglets
Colibacillosis (1-3 days old) TGE PEDv (all ages) Coccidiosis (5 days old at least) Clostridium (7-14 days old) Rotavirus (7-14 days old)
What should you do when weaning pigs
Offer creep feeding
Age grouping
Don’t change food from creep feeding to post-weaning
Colibacillosis- weaned pigs
Causes post weaning disase or edema disease
Loss of lactogenic immunity, high stomach pH allows e coli overgrowth
No villus damage
Edema disease
Good doing pigs suddenly die
Edema of gut, eyelids, nervous signs
Within 10 days of weaning
Enteric diseases of growing/ finishing pigs
Salmonella
Swine dysentery
PIA
Gastric ulcers
Salmonella
Enteritis or septicemia
S. Cholerasuis
Primary disease of grow/finish pigs
Septicemia- fever, anorexia, cyanosis, diarrhea
Enteric form- fever, dehydration, decreased body condition, fast spreading diarrhea, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, ulcers, rectal strictures
Swine dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteria Mucohemorrhagic colitis Carrier pigs are main source of transmission Attacks goblet cells (mucus) Poor bcs, colitis
Swine dysentery tx
Abx
Depop/repop because it sheds for so long
PIA
Porcine intestinal adenomatosis complex Ileitis Lawsonia intracellularis Seen in high health herds Thickened corrugated cardboard garden hose ileum
Gastric ulcers
Seen a lot
Any pig not eating is at risk
PRDC
Porcine resp disease complex
Shipping fever
Pneumonia nursery through finisher
Multifactorial- infectious, environmental, management, comingling
Age of PRDC
Usually “18 week wall”
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Enzootic pneumonia
Get sick but DONT die; cough, ADR, poor fcr
What does mycoplasma affect
Mucocilliary apparatus
Influenza A
Resp tract infection
Aerosol, fomites
Normal flu
Clin signs- explosive outbreaks of coughing (100% morbidity)
Purple red pneumonic lesions, mucus and exudate in airways
APP
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Contagious resp disease associated with pleurisy, infarcts
Requires nose to nose contact- very fragile organism
Clin signs of APP
Acute: fever, anorexia, dyspnea, death, cyanosis, bloody nose
Subacute: same as above but milder, lower mortality, decreased performance
Chronic: same as above but don’t die, can cause abortions
PRRS
Porcine repro and resp syndrome
Abortions, premature birth, mummies, stillborns, weak piglets, resp syndrome
How is PRRS transmitted
Aerosol, semen
PRRS path findings
No gross lesions
Diagnose with clinical signs, history, serology
Pasturella multocida
Secondary infection always
Atrophic rhinitis
Seen where air quality is poor, overcrowsing
Coinfection of bordetella and pasturella multocida
Post mortem analysis of snout- butterfly thing
Haemophilus parasuis
Aka glassers disease
Multisystemic
Meningitis, polyarthritis, polyserositis
Basically everything is inflammed
Strep suis
Everywhere that there are pigs
Dyspnea, ever, anorexia, lethargy, hunched posture, CNS signs, death
Colonizes tonsils and phagocytized by monocytes
Actinobacillus suis
Same as other suis-cides
Erysipelas
Sudden death, skin lesions, arthritis, endocarditis, abortion
Vaccinate!
Most common form is chronic form- arthritis and endocarditis
Skin lesions show up on acute form
Porcine circovirus II
Post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
5+ wks old, wasting, dyspnea, enlarged lymph nodes, poor bcs
Necrosis of the skin- NOT diamond shaped and mainly on ventrum- porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
