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PP Final > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What two parasite strategies do you need in horses

A

Parasite control for first year of life

Parasite control for horses over 18 months

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2
Q

Goals of program for first year of life

A

Limit parasite burdens until young horses develop immunity

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3
Q

Goal of program for adults over 18 months

A

Minimize disease without inducing resistance to parasiticides

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4
Q

Major internal parasites

A

Small strongyles
Large strongyles
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Ascarids

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5
Q

Minor internal parasites

A 
Gastrophilus intestinalis (bots)
Habronema, drashcia (stomach worms)
Oxyuris equi (pinworms)
Strongyloides westeri (thread worms)
Dictyocaulus (lungworms)
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6
Q

What is the most important parasite to manage in adult horses

A

Small strongyles/ cyathstomes

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7
Q

Prepatent period of small strongyles

A

5 weeks minimum

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8
Q

Describe small strongyles life cycle

A

Larvae migrate to cecum/colon for 4-6 weeks and encyst where they can live for months to years (mature and encysted doesn’t cause disease unless all encyst at the same time then it causes severe colitis)

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9
Q

Describe large strongyles

A

Migrate through abdominal tissues and live in lumen of the gut

Long prepatent period (6 months)

Clinical signs- colic, poor growth, weight loss

Very well controlled now with ivermectin

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10
Q

Major parasite concern for young horses

A

Parascaris equorum (roundworms)
Adult horses develop immunity but deadly for young foals
Eggs persist in environment for years

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11
Q

Round worms life cycle

A

Lives in small intestine and migrates to lymphatics, liver, lungs, pharynx, and back to small intestine (about a month for migration but takes over two months to shed eggs)

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12
Q

Clinical signs of roundworm infection (ascarids)

A

Coughing, diarrhea, colic, pot belly, rough hair coat, weight loss

**remember cannot be diagnosed prior to 80-90 days of infection by fecal float

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13
Q

What drugs have ascarids become resistant to

A

Ivermectin
Moxidectin
Pyrantel

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14
Q

Control of ascarids

A

Perform FECRT when possible

Deworm at 60 days of age and very frequently until 8-12 months

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15
Q

Describe tapeworms

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Live at ileo-cecal valve and cause spasmodic colic, intussusceptions, ileal impactions
Shed intermittently so have to do multiple fecals

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16
Q

Treatment of tapeworms

A

Praziquantel

Pyrantel

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17
Q

When should you deworm for tapeworms

A

Foals- prior to weaning

Adults- 1 to 2 times/ year

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18
Q

Describe botflies

A

Gastrophilus intestinalis

Little clinical disease

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19
Q

Treatment for botflies

A

Ivermectin or moxidectin

Remove eggs from legs

20
Q

Describe stomach worms

A 
Habronema, draschia
Transmitted by stable flies
No significant internal damage
Cutaneous infections- granulomas on eyes, sheath, ventral midline
Treat with ivermectin and steroid
21
Q

Describe oxyuris equi

A

Pinworms
Live in small colon
Cements eggs to skin of anus and horses get very itchy and rub tail
Prepatent period- 3.5 to 5 months
Difficult to find on fecal float usually diagnosed based on clinical signs

22
Q

What parasite causes diarrhea in foals 5 days- 4 months

A

Strongyloides westeri (threadworms)

23
Q

Describe threadworms

A

Foals are infected via milk from dam
Resides in small intestine
Foals develop immunity quickly
Prepatent period is 5-7 days

24
Q

Treatment for strongyloides westeri

A

Treat mares in late gestation with macrocyclic lactones

Treat foals as needed

25
Q

Describe lungworms

A

Dictyocaulus
Donkeys can harbor infection with no CS and expose horses
Horses show cough and decreased performance
Treat with ivermectin

26
Q

How to diagnose lungworms

A

Baermans test

27
Q

Which parasites are a concern for juvenile horses

A

Ascarids- main concern
Strongyloides
Small and large strongyles

28
Q

Refugia

A

Maintain population of parasites that do not receive drugs to keep resistance down

29
Q

How to combat resistance

A

Use FECRT to determine effectiveness of drugs
Treat horses with FEC
Treat during peak transmission season

30
Q

When should you treat based of FEC

A

Less than 200= do not treat
200-500= may treat
Greater than 500= treat

31
Q

When will you worry about resistance in pyrantel and BNZ?

Macrocyclic lactones?

A

Pyrantel and BNZ= less than 90%

Macrocyclic lactones= less than 98%

32
Q

When should you treat for worms based on season

A

Spring and fall- good climate for parasites

33
Q

What is the expected egg reappearance period?

What is it for specific drugs?

A

Interval between treatment and resumption of FEC greater than 200

BZM= 4 weeks
Pyrantel= 4 weeks
Ivermectin= 8 weeks
Moxidectin= 12 weeks
34
Q

What is key with foals?

A

Prevention!

35
Q

Describe normal neonate behavior

A

Sternal recumbency- 2 minutes
Suckle reflex- 30 min
Standing- 60 min
Nursing- 2 hours

36
Q

What is the 1-2-3 rule

A

1 hour to stand
2 hours to nurse
3 hours to pass the placenta

37
Q

When should the foal be examined

A

First 12-24 hours of life

38
Q

Describe temp in foals

A

Normal- 99 to 102
Hypothermia is common in sick neonates
Unable to adequately cool in very hot climates

39
Q

Describe foal heart

A

After birth- 40 to 80 bpm and increases to 100 to 120 during 1 week

Often have murmur that naturally resolves- PDA, innocent flow murmurs, ventricular septal defects

40
Q

What is dr mallicotes favorite thing to look at on foals

A

MM

41
Q

Describe resp

A 
Transitioning from fluid filled to air filled lung
Increase in minute ventilation
Decrease from 80 to 30 bpm
Inspiratory and expiratory crackles
Normal is 30-40 bpm
42
Q

What should you use for umbilical care in horse

A

Not iodine because its inflammatory!

Dip with chlorohexidine

43
Q

Enemas

A

Give in first few hours of life

Clients should NOT give repeat enemas

44
Q

Colostrum

A

Foals need 2 liters in 24 hours

First two hours of life are most critical because gut starts closing after that

45
Q

When should you measure IgG and what does it mean

A

Measure at 12-24 hours

If less than 800, consider transfusion. If less than 400, definite transfusion

46
Q

What vx/ antimicrobials should you use on foals

A

Tetanus antitoxin if mare was not properly vaccinated

Give abx if there is a non-observed birth and history of sepsis or if there is a history of problems on the farm

PP Final (5 decks)

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