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PP Final > Lectures 4-5 > Flashcards

Lectures 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

General considerations for vaccines

A

Schedule- vaccinate all horses at same time, consider seasonal incidence of diseases

Standard vx program does NOT exist

Site of injection

Individual response

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2
Q

How many rounds of vx do foals need?

When should you begin vx in foals?

A

Three rounds

6 months of age usually

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3
Q

Vaccine titers in horses?

A

No research in horse world!

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4
Q

Core vaccines

A

Tetanus
Encephalitities (EEE, WEE, WNV)
Rabies

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5
Q

Overview of tetanus

A

Neuro disease caused by C. Tetani
Present in intestines, manure, and soil (can exist for years)
Spores can enter horse through wounds, lacerations, umbilicus

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6
Q

Tetanus clinical sigsn

A

Stiff gait, facial spasm, third eyelid prolapse
Sawhorse stance
Excessive response to stimulation
Recumbency

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7
Q

Tetanus prevention

A

Not contagious between horses but mortality is very high!

All horses should be vx annually
Tetanus toxoid vx is very safe and provides good protection
*always booster if open wound or surgical procedure and its been more than 6 months since vaccination
Tetanus antitoxin can be dangerous and not used willy nilly

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8
Q

When start tetanus prevention

A

Begin at 6 months age if foal received colostrum from vaccinated mare then ooster 4-6 weeks later and again at 10-12 months

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9
Q

When use antitoxin

A

Previously unvaccinated horses or neonates

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10
Q

What are the viral encephalomyelitis diseases

A

EEE
WEE
WNV
VEE (foreign animal disease)

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11
Q

Describe host status of encephalitities

A

Birds transmit to mosquitos who transmit to humans and horses where its a dead end

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12
Q

WNV clinical signs

A 
Fever
Muscle fasciculations!
Weakness/ataxia
Flaccid paralysis
Changes in mentation
Cranial nerve deficits
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13
Q

EEE clinical signs

A

Neuro signs 5 days after exposure
Death 2-3 days later
Low grade fever first (viremic for 2 days) but quickly increases during viral proliferation
Behavior changes- dementia, self mutilating, head pressing, compulsive walking, blindness, seizures

Most serious encephalitity- 90% die

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14
Q

Is EEE reportable

A

YES!

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15
Q

When does EEE usually occur?

WNV?

A

EEE= late spring

WNV= early fall

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16
Q

Describe vaccine for EEE/WEE

A

Naive horses 2 vx 3-4 weeks part

Booster every 4-6 months (1 month prior to peak mosquito)

*three times in FL

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17
Q

WNV vaccine

A

Once a year

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18
Q

WNV and EEE vx for broodmares and foals

A

Broodmares- 30 to 60 days prior to foaling

Foals- begin vaccinating at 3-4 months and continue at least 3 vaccines!

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19
Q

Most common reservoir for rabies in FL

A

Raccoon

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20
Q

Clinical signs of rabies in horses

A

Can look like anything in horses!
Incubation is 2-9 weeks
Ascending paralysis

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21
Q

Describe rabies vx

A

Annual vx- killed vax IM

Foals- begins at 6 months then boost at 4-6 weeks and again at 10-12 months

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22
Q

Risk based vaccines for horses

A

Influenza
Equine herpesvirus (rhinopneumonitis)
Strangles

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23
Q

Incubation period of influenza?

Susceptible population?

A

1-3 days= incubation period

Susceptible population is less than 3 years old
Stressful conditions and travel

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24
Q

Clinical signs of influenza

A 
High fever
Cough/ nasal discharge
Lethargy, depression
Reduced appetite
Muscle soreness

rest is essential following infection**

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25
Q

Influenza vaccine

A

Every 6-12 months- decreases viral shedding

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26
Q

Vaccine types influenza

A

Traditional inactivated IM
Modified live cold-adaptive IN
Canarypox vector vaccine IM

27
Q

Influenza vx in broodmares and foals

A

Broodmares- IM vx in last 30 days of pregnancy

Vaccinate foals at 6 months of age

28
Q

EHV types

A

1- abortion, neonatal death, neuro disease, resp disease

4- resp disease

Aka rhinopneumonitis

29
Q

Clinical signs and incubation of resp EHV

Who is it most common in?

A

Clin signs identical to influenca
Incubation time= 2 to 10 days
Shed virus 2 to 3 weeks
Most common in weanlings and yearlings

30
Q

How is EHV transmitted

A

Resp route
Contaminated equipment
Many horses are carriers with no sigs
Stress can cause recrudescence

31
Q

Prevention of resp EHV

A

Vaccine decreases shedding of virus and severity of clinical signs

Foals and weanlings- start at 4-6 months booster 4 weeks later then again at 10-12 months

Yearlings- every 6 months

32
Q

EHV abortion- when does it occur?

A

7-9 months gestation

33
Q

Vaccination of broodmares for abortion EHV

A

Pregnant mares- booster at 5, 7, and 9 months of pregnancy; vaccinate 30 dats prior to foaling for colostrum

34
Q

EHV neuro disease

A

aka EHM- equine herpes myeloencephalopathy
Considered directly contagious
High mortality
Can really look like anything

35
Q

EHV neuro vaccine

A

Does not prevent this disease!

There is a MLV that may minimize clinical disease

36
Q

Complications of EHV 1

A

Abortion, EHM

37
Q

How to control outbreaks of EHV

A

Isolate new arrivals for 21 days
Disinfect transport vans
Isolate horses with fever
Keep aborted material away from herd/ isolate mare

38
Q

Strangles- is it reportable

A

Yes!

39
Q

Clinical signs of strangles

A

Fever, lymph node enlargement and abscessation
Purulent nasal discharge
Resp distress due to retropharyngeal lymph node enlargment

40
Q

How is strangles transmitted

A

Ingestion or inhalation of infected discharges- horse to horse contact or fomites; highly contagious

High morbidity, low mortality

41
Q

Incubation period of strangles

When does the bacteria shed

A

3-14 days
Sheds 1-2 days after onset of fever
Isolate horses with fever ASAP

42
Q

How to confirm strangles

A

Nasal/pharyngeal culture- gold standard

PCR- need three negative PCRs to be released from quarantine

Serology SeM protein

43
Q

What does serology for SeM protein tell you

A

Helpful for confirming purpura or bastard strangles

Weak positive- repeat in 7-14 days
Moderate positive- exposure in last 2 to 3 weeks or/and infection in the last 6 months to 2 years
High positive- complications of S. Equii or recent vaccination

44
Q

How long is a horse infectious with strangles

A

4 weeks after clinical signs resolve

Guttural pouch is clear
Guttural pouch samples are negative

45
Q

Who/when to vaccinate?

A

Previously affected farms
Farms with young stock
Sale/show stables

46
Q

Strangles vaccines

A

M protein based given IM- can cause intranasal abscesses so not used as much

Pinnacle IN- intrasal: can also cause abscesses; let this be the only thing or at least last thing you give that day because horse might snort it out on your

Start vaccination at 6-9 months

47
Q

Strangles vaccine risks

A

Immune mediated purpura hemorrhagica

Mild form of the disease

Abscess formation

48
Q

Regionally used vaccines

A

Botulism
Potomac horse fever
Equine viral arteritis
Rotavirus

49
Q

Describe botulism

A

Kentucky, pennsylvania

Flaccid paralysis

50
Q

Botulism vaccine

A

Only type B toxoid
No cross protection with type C and no vaccine for Type C

Recommended to give to pregnant mares in endemic areas to prevent disease in foals

51
Q

What causes potomac horse fever?

Where is it at and when?

A

Neorickettsia risticii
Endemic to eastern US and CA from july to september

Transmitted through trematode parasites of fresh water snails and caddis flies

52
Q

Clin signs of PHF

A

Severe diarrhea and fever

Laminitis

53
Q

PHF vaccine

A

Questionable- evidence of benefit is lacking

54
Q

What does equine viral arteritis cause?
How is it transmitted?
How to diagnose?

A

Abortion
Transmitted through respiratory and semen
Diagnose through EVA titers and virus isolation

**unlike other resp diseases horses get edema and lots of ocular discharge!

55
Q

Rotavirus

A

Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in foals
Highly contagious
Vaccinate mares before foaling in endemic areas

56
Q

What is important about vaccinating a stallion for EVA

A

Make sure to appropriately document that the stallion is negative before vaccinating because the vaccine can cause tests to show he is positive

57
Q

Lyme disease

A

No vaccine

Some ppl may use canine vx

58
Q

Leptosporosis

A

Associated with recurrent uveitis, kidney infections, abortion

There is a vx but not labelled for pregnant mares

59
Q

Corynebacterium pseudoTB

A

Aka pigeon fever
Colic side effects of vaccine so recalled
Re-released this spring

60
Q

Equine infectious anemia- transmission, clinical signs

A

Retrovirus transmitted by biting flies or blood contaminated needles

Acute- fever, depression, petechiation
Chronic- icterus, anemia, dependent edema

61
Q

How to diagnose EIA

A

Coggins test annually
Reportable disease

Rarely see this ever but if a horse does get infected it is infected for life

62
Q

Piroplasmosis- what is it caused by? Transmission?

A

Theileria equi and babesia caballi

Transmitted through ticks and mechanical vectors

Non-endemic in US so treated as foreign animal disease

63
Q

Clinical signs of piroplasmosis

A

Acute- fever, anemia, jaundice, hemoglobinuria

Chronic- weak, decreased appetite

PP Final (5 decks)

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