Lecture 7-8

Question 1

Aquaculture

Answer 1

Controlled rearing of aquatic organisms

*fastest growing animal industry

Question 2

What are issues vets are used for

Answer 2

Disease dx/control
Legal drugs
Health certification
Food safety
Reportable diseases

Question 3

Who has the most production globally

Answer 3

China

Question 4

What are the two basic types of production

Answer 4

Extensive vs intensive

Question 5

Extensive production

Answer 5

Focuses on fishery management rather than aquaculture management
Low biomass:volume ratio
Minimal management required (no feed or aeration)

Question 6

Intensive production

Answer 6

Managment is more like traditional farm management
Problems include crowding, water quality, nutrition, infectious dz
Feeding, water quality management, and aeration is required

Question 7

Extensive production advantages

Answer 7

Little to no investment in equipment and feed
Fish can be trapped
Minimal water quality problems
Natural food is available in the pond
Used as source of protein from community managed ponds in region

Question 8

Example of extensive prodution

Answer 8

Livebearers in Fl (guppies, swordtails, mollies, platies)

*due to lack of selective breeding many of these farms now do intensive production

Question 9

Intensive production advantages

Answer 9

If indoors, more control and less predation

Massive increase in production

Question 10

Intensive production disadvantages

Answer 10

Increased risk of dz
System failure results in catastrophic loss
High start up and operating costs
Complete diet required

Question 11

Example of intensive production

Answer 11

Egg layer production- cobia fry, tilapia, angelfish in Fl

Question 12

What are the types of production systems used in US

Answer 12

Earthen ponds (channel catfish, hybrid striped bass, shrimp)
Raceways (rainbow trout)
Cages or net pens (salmon)
Re circulating tank systems (tilapia)
Underwater lease (clams)

Question 13

Advantages of pond production

Answer 13

Free or cheap water
Filtration and pump not required
Natural food available

Question 14

Disadvantages of pond production

Answer 14

Minimal control of environment
Predation can be huge (birds, raccoons, gators, otters)
Difficult to maintain inventory
“Off flavor” hard to control and now fish cannot be marketed for consumption (caused by some algal blooms; not safety issue just quality control)

Question 15

What is limiting factor for ponds

Answer 15

Dissolved oxygen

Question 16

Advantages of raceway

Answer 16

Often use free water from river or other source
Use high flows instead of investment in filtration system
Inexpensive if not needing to continuously pump water

Question 17

Disadvantages of raceway

Answer 17

Poor control of water source
Introduce disease and contaminants if using surface water
Concerns with effluent
Crowding facilitates rapid spread of disease
Treatments can be difficult because large volume of water used.

Question 18

Cage culture advantages

Answer 18

Tidal flush provides free water
Risk of contamination or disease from local water
Easy to harvest

Question 19

Disadvantages of cage culture

Answer 19

Controversial- aesthetics, environment
Exposure to wild fish so potential dz introduction
Susceptible to storm damage
Predation
Concern for damage to local environment
Very crowded so dz spread
Difficult to treat

Question 20

Advantages of re circulating system

Answer 20

Complete control of environment
Elimination of predators
Very efficient grow out for suitable species
Treatment easier and less expensive than other systems

Question 21

Disadvantages of re circulating systems

Answer 21

Very high capital investment
High risk- power failure results in huge loss
Intensive management requirements
Expensive to operate and maintain
Biosecurity is critical

Question 22

Channel catfish

Answer 22

Most important aquaculture industry in US
Not a big business in FL but big in MS strategy

Very hardy, spawn easily in container, produce large egg mass to easily relocate to hatchery

Question 23

Health concerns for catfish

Answer 23

Water quality (low dissolved oxygen, off flavor, ammonia/nitrite)

Infectious dz

Question 24

Tilapia

Answer 24

Real Chicken of the sea

Very hardy and tolerant of poor conditions

Question 25

Carp and koi

Answer 25

Same fish

Carp is in china, koi is in US

Question 26

Health concerns of carp and koi

Answer 26

Spring viremia of carp- foreign animal disease

Koi herpes virus- endemic to US

*both are reportable

Question 27

Special needs for clinical exam

Answer 27

Holding units
Water quality testing equipment
Anesthetic
Biopsy and necropsy equipment
Microscope

Question 28

Holding units

Answer 28

Cooler and an air pump

Aquarium system if seeing lots of fish

Question 29

Anesthesia and restraint

Answer 29

Manual restraint- special nets, handling techniques
Chemical restraint- bath vs injection
Anesthesia- MS222, clove oil

Question 30

MS-222

Answer 30

Only anesthetic agent approved in fish

Disadvantage is withdrawal time is 21 days so not good for commercial fisheries for food

Question 31

Sites for blood collection

Answer 31

Caudal vein- most common
Duct of cuvier
Dorsal aorta
Heart- not for survival procedures

Question 32

IM injection

Answer 32

Muscle lateral to dorsal fin

Question 33

Blood collection tube

Answer 33

Lithium heparin preferred because EDTA lyses RBCs

Question 34

How to transport live sick fish

Answer 34

Sturdy plastic bag

Low amount of water with high amount of air

Question 35

How to transport dead fish

Answer 35

Choose fish with good condition and clear eyes
Wrap fish loosely in a paper towel moistened with water from pond
Place wrapped fish in sturdy plastic bag securely closed
Put bagged fish in shipping container on ice or ice packs

Question 36

Limiting factor for care

Answer 36

Life support

Question 37

When should you do biopsy

Answer 37

Before anesthesia if possible