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PSYC212 > LECTURES 3-13 > Flashcards

LECTURES 3-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Heuristics

A

a cognitive shortcut and is an approach to problem solving/learning. Using a shortcut to make a judgement which leads to predictable errors and biases

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2
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

Representativeness, availability and anchoring-and-adjustment are all evident in causal attributions, leading to the fundamental attribution error

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3
Q

Self schema

A

cognitive generations about the self derived from past experiences that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individuals

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4
Q

Self awareness

A

makes someone more truthful - e.g. having a mirror

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5
Q

Ought self

A

Someone you should be

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6
Q

Ideal self

A

Someone you could be

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7
Q

Regulatory focus theory

A

Theory of goal pursuit - between attainment of goals and avoidance of negative outcomes

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8
Q

Self complexity theory

A

people have multiple, distinct selves. People differ in the degree of complexity of selves and more complexity protects from damage to your self esteem.

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9
Q

Social comparison theory

A

matters more if you care about the topic. Either upwards or downwards

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10
Q

Self esteem

A

predicted by self-structures and self-comparison

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11
Q

cognition

A

representations of knowledge, thoughts and beliefs and the processes by which these representation are acquired and manipulated.

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12
Q

Emotions

A

specific, transient feeling states

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13
Q

Moods

A

Chronic, non-specific feeling states

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14
Q

BAsic emotios

A

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

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15
Q

James Lange

A

Physiological responses cause emotion e.g. we are afraid cause we run away

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16
Q

Schacter and Singers *1962) two-factor theory of emotions

A

Awareness of unexplained arousal then inrpretation of the arousal

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17
Q

Mood congruence

A

Processing the meaning of stimuli consistent with ur current mood. e.g. if you’re in a positive mood you’re likely to think of positive things first

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18
Q

Attitude structure

A

Cognition (thought), Affect (feeling), behaviour (action)

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19
Q

Attitude formation

A

can be caused by operative (skinner) and classical conditioning (pavlov)

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20
Q

Attitudes are strongly associated with…

A

memory and how often you express that attitude.

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21
Q

Highly accessible attitudes

A

Predicts behaviour and facilitates decision making. When motivation and opportunity are low, people will rely on their most accessible attitudes.

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22
Q

Associations are learned through

A

Those associations are learned through exposure, conditioning and reasoning

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23
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

Beliefs about other peoples evaluations of outcomes and motivation to comply = social norms. Social norms + attitude toward the behaviour = behavioural intention! Behavioural intention = behaviour

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24
Q

persuasiveness

A

can be affected by who says it, what they say and who is hearing it. E.g. attractive people are more attractive

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25
Central route
where persuasion depends on reactions to and elaborations of the message content e.g. strong vs weeak argument
26
Peripheral route
is where persuasion depends on cues peripheral to the content of the message e.g. attractiveness and expert vs non-expert
27
Cognitive dissonance
feeling of discomfort caused by 2 or more inconsistent cognitive elements e.g. thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Can be reduced by making attitudes and behavior consistent. It is unpleasant arousal. People try and solve discrepancy by an attitude change.
28
Self perception theory
People determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting their own behavior
29
Compliance
Compliance is Superficial public and transitory change in behavior and expressed attitudes in response to requests, coercion or group pressure. E.g. foot in the door technique
30
Informational conformity (informational social influence):
conformity due to ambiguous physical reality. E.G. YOU WATCH OTHERS BEHVAIOURS AND COPY THEM
31
Normative conformity (normative social influence):
conformity in unambiguous physical reality. Based on motivation to bee liked or accepted by your reference group
32
Obedience
Obedience - behaviour change in response to a direct order
33
Foot in the door
Freedman and Frasier. People are more likely to accept a small request then large request rather just one large request
34
Lowballing
By telling people about the time it takes last, they're more likely to agree. If you want a phone, what the difference between 1099 and 1999
35
Imagining compliance
Do you think you'd ever spend 3 hours working for cancer society? Then ask them to do it and they're more likely to say yes than before.
36
Reciprocity
belief that receiving anything from another person requires you to reciprocate in response
37
Door in the face
Make a big request then a moderate one and people will do moderate one more likely.
38
That's not all
Better to market as buying a cupcake and you get a free cookie than cupcake 75c and cookie 25c
39
Social facilitation and loafing
Social facilitation and loafing: Prescence of other affects performance on a simple task. However, depends on how difficult the task is
40
Group
A group is Two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction, each aware of his or her membership in the group, also aware of others who belong in the group and of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals
41
Social Dilemma
A situation that creates a conflict between the individuals interests and the collectives interests, such that the individuals obtains better outcomes following strategies that over time will lead to suboptimal outcomes for the collective
42
Prejudice
Unfavourable affective reactions to or evaluations of groups and their members
43
Social identity theory
people have both group and individual identities. A group identity helps to build self esteem
44
Contact hypothesis
People living in biracial housing complexes showed more openness to living with other races. Contact with other races makes u less racist
45
Prejudice may be reduced by...
reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. The effect is greatly enhanced if this contact is sanctioned by institutional support (i.e. law, custom or local atmosphere) and provided it is of a sort that leads to the perception of common interests and common humanity between members of the two groups
46
Affect
emotions - gets attached to social categories through both cognitive and motivational mechanisms
47
Aggression
defined as Behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to another person. Has both innate and learned components
48
Freud aggressions
- aggression and the death instinct - inward self aggression and outward aggression
49
Lorenz aggression
Aggression elicited by environmental signals - Aggression is an evolved solution - a tendency that comes out when we need it
50
Darwin aggression
aggression as an adaption. E.g. acquiring resources, enhancing status, defence, sexual rivalry, discouraging infidelity, acquiring/retaining mates
51
Guns and aggression
Guns not only permit the violence, but they also stimulate it too! The finger pulls the trigger but the trigger may also be pulling the finger
52
Deindividuation
the loss of self awareness. E.g. guards in Stanford prison experiment given sunglasses - gave a sense of not being responsible for their behavior and thy were deindiviuatiated!
53
Frustration aggression hypothesis
Aggression is the consequences of thwarted goals
54
Attraction
We like familiarity - even if you’ve seen them once then you think they're more attractive. We also like people who look like us
55
Sexual strategies theory
Attraction as a mechanism to identify proper mates. Therefore men look for reproductive value whilst women look for parental investment and physical protection
56
Learning theories of interpersonal attraction
emphasize peoples reinforcement histories, whereas biological theories emphasize women and mens different mating goals in our evolutionary past
57
What contributes to interpersonal attraction
Arousal, exposure, similarity and physical attractiveness
58
Social exchange
relationship satisfaction depends on balance of rewards and costs
59
Comparison level
satisfaction depends on comparison level of their relationship and the alternatives
60
Equity theory
cost/reward ratio must be comparable for both partners
61
Exchange vs communal relationships
Driving someone to airport and they ask how much they owe you - they think exchange when you believe communal

PSYC212 (4 decks)

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