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PSYC212 > LECTURES 3-13 > Flashcards

LECTURES 3-13 Flashcards

1
Q

Heuristics

A

a cognitive shortcut and is an approach to problem solving/learning. Using a shortcut to make a judgement which leads to predictable errors and biases

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2
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

Representativeness, availability and anchoring-and-adjustment are all evident in causal attributions, leading to the fundamental attribution error

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3
Q

Self schema

A

cognitive generations about the self derived from past experiences that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individuals

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4
Q

Self awareness

A

makes someone more truthful - e.g. having a mirror

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5
Q

Ought self

A

Someone you should be

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6
Q

Ideal self

A

Someone you could be

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7
Q

Regulatory focus theory

A

Theory of goal pursuit - between attainment of goals and avoidance of negative outcomes

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8
Q

Self complexity theory

A

people have multiple, distinct selves. People differ in the degree of complexity of selves and more complexity protects from damage to your self esteem.

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9
Q

Social comparison theory

A

matters more if you care about the topic. Either upwards or downwards

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10
Q

Self esteem

A

predicted by self-structures and self-comparison

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11
Q

cognition

A

representations of knowledge, thoughts and beliefs and the processes by which these representation are acquired and manipulated.

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12
Q

Emotions

A

specific, transient feeling states

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13
Q

Moods

A

Chronic, non-specific feeling states

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14
Q

BAsic emotios

A

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise

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15
Q

James Lange

A

Physiological responses cause emotion e.g. we are afraid cause we run away

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16
Q

Schacter and Singers *1962) two-factor theory of emotions

A

Awareness of unexplained arousal then inrpretation of the arousal

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17
Q

Mood congruence

A

Processing the meaning of stimuli consistent with ur current mood. e.g. if you’re in a positive mood you’re likely to think of positive things first

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18
Q

Attitude structure

A

Cognition (thought), Affect (feeling), behaviour (action)

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19
Q

Attitude formation

A

can be caused by operative (skinner) and classical conditioning (pavlov)

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20
Q

Attitudes are strongly associated with…

A

memory and how often you express that attitude.

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21
Q

Highly accessible attitudes

A

Predicts behaviour and facilitates decision making. When motivation and opportunity are low, people will rely on their most accessible attitudes.

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22
Q

Associations are learned through

A

Those associations are learned through exposure, conditioning and reasoning

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23
Q

Theory of reasoned action

A

Beliefs about other peoples evaluations of outcomes and motivation to comply = social norms. Social norms + attitude toward the behaviour = behavioural intention! Behavioural intention = behaviour

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24
Q

persuasiveness

A

can be affected by who says it, what they say and who is hearing it. E.g. attractive people are more attractive

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25
Q

Central route

A

where persuasion depends on reactions to and elaborations of the message content e.g. strong vs weeak argument

26
Q

Peripheral route

A

is where persuasion depends on cues peripheral to the content of the message e.g. attractiveness and expert vs non-expert

27
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

feeling of discomfort caused by 2 or more inconsistent cognitive elements e.g. thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Can be reduced by making attitudes and behavior consistent. It is unpleasant arousal. People try and solve discrepancy by an attitude change.

28
Q

Self perception theory

A

People determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting their own behavior

29
Q

Compliance

A

Compliance is Superficial public and transitory change in behavior and expressed attitudes in response to requests, coercion or group pressure. E.g. foot in the door technique

30
Q

Informational conformity (informational social influence):

A

conformity due to ambiguous physical reality. E.G. YOU WATCH OTHERS BEHVAIOURS AND COPY THEM

31
Q

Normative conformity (normative social influence):

A

conformity in unambiguous physical reality. Based on motivation to bee liked or accepted by your reference group

32
Q

Obedience

A

Obedience - behaviour change in response to a direct order

33
Q

Foot in the door

A

Freedman and Frasier. People are more likely to accept a small request then large request rather just one large request

34
Q

Lowballing

A

By telling people about the time it takes last, they’re more likely to agree. If you want a phone, what the difference between 1099 and 1999

35
Q

Imagining compliance

A

Do you think you’d ever spend 3 hours working for cancer society? Then ask them to do it and they’re more likely to say yes than before.

36
Q

Reciprocity

A

belief that receiving anything from another person requires you to reciprocate in response

37
Q

Door in the face

A

Make a big request then a moderate one and people will do moderate one more likely.

38
Q

That’s not all

A

Better to market as buying a cupcake and you get a free cookie than cupcake 75c and cookie 25c

39
Q

Social facilitation and loafing

A

Social facilitation and loafing: Prescence of other affects performance on a simple task. However, depends on how difficult the task is

40
Q

Group

A

A group is Two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction, each aware of his or her membership in the group, also aware of others who belong in the group and of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals

41
Q

Social Dilemma

A

A situation that creates a conflict between the individuals interests and the collectives interests, such that the individuals obtains better outcomes following strategies that over time will lead to suboptimal outcomes for the collective

42
Q

Prejudice

A

Unfavourable affective reactions to or evaluations of groups and their members

43
Q

Social identity theory

A

people have both group and individual identities. A group identity helps to build self esteem

44
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

People living in biracial housing complexes showed more openness to living with other races. Contact with other races makes u less racist

45
Q

Prejudice may be reduced by…

A

reduced by equal status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. The effect is greatly enhanced if this contact is sanctioned by institutional support (i.e. law, custom or local atmosphere) and provided it is of a sort that leads to the perception of common interests and common humanity between members of the two groups

46
Q

Affect

A

emotions - gets attached to social categories through both cognitive and motivational mechanisms

47
Q

Aggression

A

defined as Behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to another person. Has both innate and learned components

48
Q

Freud aggressions

A
  • aggression and the death instinct - inward self aggression and outward aggression
49
Q

Lorenz aggression

A

Aggression elicited by environmental signals - Aggression is an evolved solution - a tendency that comes out when we need it

50
Q

Darwin aggression

A

aggression as an adaption. E.g. acquiring resources, enhancing status, defence, sexual rivalry, discouraging infidelity, acquiring/retaining mates

51
Q

Guns and aggression

A

Guns not only permit the violence, but they also stimulate it too! The finger pulls the trigger but the trigger may also be pulling the finger

52
Q

Deindividuation

A

the loss of self awareness. E.g. guards in Stanford prison experiment given sunglasses - gave a sense of not being responsible for their behavior and thy were deindiviuatiated!

53
Q

Frustration aggression hypothesis

A

Aggression is the consequences of thwarted goals

54
Q

Attraction

A

We like familiarity - even if you’ve seen them once then you think they’re more attractive. We also like people who look like us

55
Q

Sexual strategies theory

A

Attraction as a mechanism to identify proper mates. Therefore men look for reproductive value whilst women look for parental investment and physical protection

56
Q

Learning theories of interpersonal attraction

A

emphasize peoples reinforcement histories, whereas biological theories emphasize women and mens different mating goals in our evolutionary past

57
Q

What contributes to interpersonal attraction

A

Arousal, exposure, similarity and physical attractiveness

58
Q

Social exchange

A

relationship satisfaction depends on balance of rewards and costs

59
Q

Comparison level

A

satisfaction depends on comparison level of their relationship and the alternatives

60
Q

Equity theory

A

cost/reward ratio must be comparable for both partners

61
Q

Exchange vs communal relationships

A

Driving someone to airport and they ask how much they owe you - they think exchange when you believe communal

PSYC212 (4 decks)

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