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VETS1060: Final Exam > Lectures 27-28 Embryology > Flashcards

Lectures 27-28 Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Embryology is

A

The study of embryonic development

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2
Q

Embryonic development follows a set order:

A
  1. Fertilization (fusion of sperm and egg into a zygote)
  2. Cleavage (cell division of blastula/blastocyst)
  3. Gastrulation (blastula rearranges layers of cells into gastrula)
  4. Organogenesis (rudimentary organs form)
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3
Q

The fusion of sperm and egg creates a

A

Zygote

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4
Q

Rearrangement of blastula into layers of cells is called

A

Gastrula

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5
Q

Tinman gene

A

Regulates position of heart

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6
Q

Fertilization involves three steps

A
  1. Contact
  2. Acrosomal Reaction
  3. Cortical Reaction
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7
Q

The ___ sperm and egg give rise to a ____

A

Haploid; diploid zygote

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8
Q

In fertilization, contact is when

A

Spermatozoa makes contact with the protective layer surrounding the egg

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9
Q

The protective layer of the egg is called

A

Zona pellucida (jelly coat)

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10
Q

Contact with the zona pellucida (jelly coat) triggers

A

Acrosomal reaction in the spermatozoon

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11
Q

Model species for fertilization is the

A

Echinodermata (sea urchin)

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12
Q

The Acrosomal of sperm is

A

Species specific

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13
Q

The Acrosomal of sperm releases

A

Hydrolytic enzymes to digest a hole in jelly coat

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14
Q

The reason species cannot breed outside their own species is due to

A

Acrosome on sperm (what breaks down the zona pellucida of the egg)

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15
Q

Acrosomal process contain ___ that ___

A

Actin filaments; pierces the jelly coat

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16
Q

Proteins on the tip of the Acrosomal process

A

Bind to receptors on the egg plasma membrane (lock and key)

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17
Q

The “lock and key” occurrence of the acrosome to the egg is especially important in

A

Species with external fertilization in water

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18
Q

The fusion of proteins on Acrosomal process to receptors on the egg causes

A

Fusion of plasma membranes of the spermatozoon and egg

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19
Q

Fusion of plasma membranes of the sperm and egg triggers

A

Opening of Sodium channels

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20
Q

The opening of Na+ channels during the Acrosomal reaction causes (3)

A

-sodium to rapidly diffuse into the egg
-depolarization
-blocks other sperm from fusing

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21
Q

Cortical reaction of fertilization causes

A

Changes at surface of the egg to prevent further sperm from entering (ie. blocks polyspermy)

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22
Q

Cortical granules are located

A

Beneath the plasma membrane of egg

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23
Q

The perivitelline space is

A

Space between plasma membrane and outer vitelline layer in the egg - enzymes are released here

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24
Q

The fertilization envelope is formed when

A

Enzymes are released into the perivitelline space causing the vitelline layer to lift and harden

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25
Q

Two types of Cleavage patterns

A
  1. Holoblastic (therian mammals, amphibians, echinoderms)
  2. Meroblastic (monotremes, birds, reptiles, fish, insects)
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26
Q

Cleavage is

A

The succession of rapid cell divisions —> zygote (large fertilized egg) becomes many smaller cells (blastomeres)

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27
Q

Blastomeres are

A

Smaller cells of the zygote

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28
Q

Blastocoel

A

Ball of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space

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29
Q

The first 5-7 divisions during cleavage produce

A

A hollow ball of cells called Blastula (Blastocyst in mammals)

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30
Q

Meroblastic cleavage results in

A

Yolk concentrated towards the vegetal pole, with less yolk at opposite animal pole

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31
Q

The difference between holoblastic and meroblastic cleavages is essentially

A

If the yolk is whole or partial

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32
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

An indentation that forms during division causing a division of the cells in half

33
Q

The cleavage furrow in holoblastic division generates

A

4 blastomeres of equal size

34
Q

In holoblastic cleavage, the animal hemisphere

A

Contains smaller blastomeres

35
Q

During the 3rd division of holoblastic cleavage, _____ are produced

A

8 cells

36
Q

Cleavage in meroblastic occurs

A

ONLY in animal hemisphere

37
Q

Blastodisc

A

A small disc at the animal pole where cleavage occurs in meroblastic

38
Q

The end result of holoblastic cleavage is

A

A ball of cells called the Blastula (Blastocyst)

39
Q

The fluid-filled space in the blastula is called

A

Blastocoel

40
Q

The inner cell mass (embryoblast) is

A

A group of cells in the mouse and human that forms the embryo and is a source of embryonic stem cells

41
Q

What forms the embryo and is a source of embryonic stem cells?

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblast)

42
Q

Trophoblast

A

Outer layer of cells that does not contribute to the embryo but forms the chorion

43
Q

The chorion forms the

A

Placenta

44
Q

Gastrulation involves

A

Reorganization of cells to form a 3-layered embryo

45
Q

The embryonic germ layers are (3)

A

-endoderm (inner)
-mesoderm (middle)
-ectoderm (outer)

46
Q

Each embryonic germ layer will

A

Contribute to a distinct set of tissues

47
Q

A group of cells on the dorsal surface of the blastula invaginate to form a small, indented crease called the

A

Blastopore

48
Q

As more cells continue to enter through enlarging blastopore, a new space starts to form called the

A

Archenteron

49
Q

The blastopore surrounds a ply of yolk-filled cells that forms

A

The anus

50
Q

Archenteron becomes the

A

Cavity of digestive tract

51
Q

The avian blastula has a disc of cells atop a yolk mass called

A

The blastoderm

52
Q

The bid blastoderm divides to form (2)

A

-epiblast
-hypoblast

53
Q

The blastocoeal of birds sits

A

In between the epiblast and hypoblast

54
Q

Primitive streak

A

Cells from the epiblast move to the centre of the blastoderm and inwards towards the yolk producing a thickening

55
Q

Cells that migrate through the primitive streak and move downward form

A

The endoderm

56
Q

Cells that migrate through the primitive streak and migrate laterally form

A

The mesoderm

57
Q

Cells left behind on the surface of the primitive streak form

A

Ectoderm

58
Q

What forms the embryo in mammals

A

Inner cell mass (embryoblast)

59
Q

What forms the chorion in mammals

A

Trophoblast

60
Q

Trophoblast cells secrete

A

Enzymes that facilitate implantation into endometrium of uterus

61
Q

The inner cell mass in mammals divides into (2)

A

-epiblast (forms the embryo)
-hypoblast

62
Q

In mammals, cells of the epiblast move inward via primitive streak to form (2)

A

-mesoderm
-endoderm

63
Q

Totipotent (3)

A

-can form all cell types of the body
-forms extraembryonic (placental) tissue
-first few divisions after fertilization (8-cell stage)

64
Q

What forms the extraembryonic (placental) tissues

A

Totipotent

65
Q

Pluripotent (2)

A

-can form all cell types of body EXCEPT extraembryonic (placental tissue)
-cells come from the inner cell mass

66
Q

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are

A

Pluripotent

67
Q

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

A

Are isolated from embryos

68
Q

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

A

Are produced from adult cells via “reprogramming”

69
Q

Adult stem cells are

A

Multipotent

70
Q

Multipotent (3)

A

-adult stem cells
-found in bone marrow, adipose tissue, etc
-limited differentiation ability

71
Q

Cartilage, bone, adipose tissue contain

A

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

72
Q

The study of the development of CNS

A

Neurulation

73
Q

The notochord is formed by

A

Cells from the dorsal mesoderm

74
Q

The neural plate is formed from

A

The ectoderm above the notochord

75
Q

Neural tube is generated by

A

The unfolding of the neural folds adjacent to the neural plate

76
Q

The neural tube includes

A

Brain and spinal cord

77
Q

In vertebrates, two cell types develop near the neural tube

A

-neural crest cells
-somites

78
Q

Neural crest cells are (2)

A

-from neural folds
-migrate to many parts of the embryo

79
Q

Somites are (2)

A

-from mesoderm
-play a major role in segmentation of body structures

VETS1060: Final Exam (16 decks)

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