Lecture 33 Evolution & Domestication - Dogs

Question 1

Closest relatives of dogs are the

Answer 1

Grey Wolves (Canis lupus)

Question 2

The dog and grey wolf are ____ Taxa

Answer 2

Sister

Question 3

The order Carnivora includes

Answer 3

-over 260 species
-dogs, cats, bears, foxes, seals, wolves

Question 4

Wolves, domestic dogs, foxes, coyotes, and dingoes are part of the family ____ in the order ____

Answer 4

Canidae; Carnivora

Question 5

The ancestor of the order Canidae is the genus ____

Answer 5

Miacis

Question 6

Genus Miacis is (3)

Answer 6

-ancestor of Canidae
-found in North America
-small, weasel-like mammal ~60 million years ago

Question 7

Miacis evolved into ____

Answer 7

Cynodictis

Question 8

Cynodictis was

Answer 8

The first true dog-like mammal, the “in between dog”

Question 9

Evolution of dogs / wolf ancestors are characterized by the acquisition of these three traits

Answer 9

1. Elongation of the limbs and feet (running)
2. Carnassial teeth specialized for shearing (meat)
3. Expanded cranium and brain (intelligence)

Question 10

Two branches of Cynodictis are

Answer 10

Africa and Eurasia

Question 11

The Eurasian branch of Cynodictis is

Answer 11

Tomarctus

Question 12

Tomarctus is

Answer 12

The progenitor of wolves, dogs, and foxes (Eurasian branch of Cynodictis)

Question 13

Domestication has an effect on

Answer 13

Evolution

Question 14

Evolution of dogs is tightly connected to

Answer 14

Domestication

Question 15

The process of developing a mutually useful relationship between animals and humans is called

Answer 15

Domestication

Question 16

Domestication is the

Answer 16

Process of developing a mutually useful relationship between animals and humans

Question 17

Domesticated species have undergone

Answer 17

An evolutionary process influenced by humans to meet their needs

Question 18

Reproductive isolation

Answer 18

The product of a breeding population that is genetically isolated from the wild species

Question 19

Domestication occurred

Answer 19

With different animals, at different times, in different parts of the world

Question 20

6 criteria for domestication

Answer 20

1. Flexible diet
2. Reasonable growth rate
3. Breed in captivity
4. Pleasant disposition
5. Steady temperament
6. Modifiable social hierarchy

Question 21

Dogs were domesticated in ___ around ____ years ago

Answer 21

Eurasia; ~20,000-40,000

Question 22

Sequences of mitochondrial DNA in the dog and grey wolf differ by

Answer 22

0.2%

Question 23

It was originally thought dogs evolved from ___ and were thus called ____

Answer 23

The Eurasian Grey Wolf; Canis lupus familiaris (subspecies)

Question 24

Recent data indicate the dog and wolf evolved from

Answer 24

A now extinct common wolf ancestor

Question 25

Genetic overlap between dogs and wolves is the result of

Answer 25

Repeated interbreeding AFTER the domestication of the dog

Question 26

There is ___ from wolves to dogs, but ____ from dog to wolf

Answer 26

Limited gene flow; substantial gene flow

Question 27

Two theories on the domestication of dogs

Answer 27

-initial wolf population split into European and Asian with modern dogs being derived almost exclusively from ASIAN dogs
-initial wolf population split into European and Asian with modern dogs being represented by BOTH

Question 28

AMY2B is a ____ that breaks down ___

Answer 28

Enzyme; starch

Question 29

The first domesticated species was the

Answer 29

Dog

Question 30

Wolves following ____ of early humans would have given up ____

Answer 30

Migratory patterns; territory

Question 31

Similarities between human families/societies and dog/wolf packs are (6)

Answer 31

-hierarchical order
-work co-operatively
-strong kinship ties
-suspicious of outsiders
-care for and protect the young
-ability to interpret moods

Question 32

Left gaze bias is

Answer 32

When humans (and dogs) meet a new face and their gaze shifts left to settle on the right face which is better at expressing one’s emotional state

Question 33

Dogs read human gestures as seen in (2)

Answer 33

-left gaze bias
-finger pointing

Question 34

Co-evolution of dogs and humans can be seen in

Answer 34

Genomes: diet and digestion, neurological processes, and disease

Question 35

Extended eye contact between dogs and their humans increases

Answer 35

Oxytocin levels in both

Question 36

Oxytocin plays a role in

Answer 36

Maternal bonding and promotes trust and empathy

Question 37

Retention of juvenile traits is called

Answer 37

Paedomorphosis

Question 38

Paedomorphosis is seen through (4)

Answer 38

-floppy ears
-shorter muzzle
-broader face
-playfulness

Question 39

Belyaev’s Experiment mimicked

Answer 39

Dog domestication through silver foxes

Question 40

Pleiotropy is

Answer 40

One gene that affects several traits

Question 41

Some selection processes that influence wild animals are removed or disrupted in domestication, this includes (4)

Answer 41

-reduced fighting between males
-fewer males for females to choose from
-more reliable food source
-fewer predators

Question 42

Oldest modern dog breeds are no more than

Answer 42

500 years old

Question 43

Most modern dog breeds originated

Answer 43

About 150 years ago during the Victorian Era