Lecture 30 Mammalian Organ Systems Flashcards
The cell is the
Building block of life that performs specific functions
Tissues are
Collections of the same cells (or multiple cell types of the same origin) that perform specific functions
Tissues can be
Microscopic and macroscopic
Organs contain ___ and often have ____
Several tissue types; multiple functions
Discrete macroscopic structures
Ie. Organs, can see/hold them
Organ systems consist of
Multiple organs that combine to perform one primary function
Diffuse
Ie. harder to identify (ex. Immune system, endocrine)
Musculoskeletal System is comprised of (3)
-bones
-joints
-skeletal muscle
Primary function of musculoskeletal system is
Movement and locomotion
Secondary functions of the musculoskeletal system (5)
-support body
-protect organs
-generate heat through contraction of muscles
-calcium metabolism
-haematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis is
The generation of blood cells within the bone marrow
Cardiovascular system is comprised of
-heart
-blood vessels
Blood flow in heart goes
Into the right side and out of the left
Primary function of cardiovascular system is
Provision of nutrition and oxygen to cells
Secondary functions of the cardiovascular system include (4)
-transport hormones (endocrine)
-removal of CO2 and other waste products
-transport of immune cells around body (immune)
-temperature regulation through vascular thermoregulation (ie. superficial blood vessels contract or restrict)
Nervous System is comprised of (4)
-brain
-spinal cord
-ganglia
-cranial and peripheral nerves
Three systems of the nervous system are
-Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
The CNS is comprised of
-brain
-spinal cord
The PNS is comprised of
-afferent nerves
-efferent nerves
ANS is divided into
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Primary functions of the nervous system
Sensing the environment and coordinating a response
Secondary functions of the nervous system (2)
-thinking/decision making (ie. cognition)
-regulation of many functions through ANS (ex. Respiration, cardiac function, etc)
Respiratory System is comprised of (8)
-nose
-nasal cavity
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs
-diaphragm
-muscles and bones of the thorax
Primary function of the respiratory system
Oxygenation of blood
Secondary functions of the respiratory system (5)
-removal of CO2
-control of blood pH
-olfaction (smell)
-vocalization
-thermoregulation (panting)
Urinary (Renal) System is comprised of (4)
-kidneys
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra
Primary functions of the urinary system is (2)
-Removal of waste products
-Regulate correct hydration levels
Secondary functions of the renal system (3)
-regulation of sodium, potassium, and chloride in the blood
-regulation of blood pH (hydrogen)
-territorial marking
What comprises the reproductive system (F:5, M:3)
Female:
-ovaries
-uterus
-cervix
-vagina
-vulva
Male:
-testes
-prostate
-penis
Primary function of the reproductive system
To reproduce
Most important system from a biological sense
Reproductive
Least important system regarding functional / survival sense
Reproductive
Secondary function of the reproductive system
Manufacturing sex hormones responsible for secondary sex traits and behaviours
Which systems have a shared anatomy and developmental pathway
Urogenital (urinary + reproductive)
Which organ indicates the number of offspring a species will have
Uterine horn
The digestive system is comprised of (13)
-mouth
-teeth
-tongue
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-liver
-small intestine
-pancreas
-caecum
-large intestine
-rectum
-anus
Primary function of the digestive system
Provision of nutrition to circulatory system for cells of the entire body
Most studied system in vet science is the
Digestive system
Three types of digestive systems
-monograstric
-ruminants
-hindgut fermenters
Secondary functions of the digestive system (4)
-excretion of some waste products
-maintenance of hydration
-regulation and balance of essential substances
-territorial marking
Absorption of water occurs in the
Large intestine
Integumentary system is comprised of
-skin
-hooves
-horns
-hair
Primary function of the integument system
Protect the body from the outside world
Secondary functions of the integument system (4)
-fighting and sexual selection
-locomotion
-territorial marking (scent glands)
-temperature regulation (sweat)
Two pathways of the immune system
-innate
-adaptive
Immune system is comprised of (4)
-thymus
-bone marrow
-lymph nodes
-spleen
White Blood Cells are part of the
Innate immune system
Cellular component of innate immune system includes (4)
-macrophages
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-mast cells
Only vertebrates have an ____ immune system
Adaptive
The adaptive immune system is comprised of ____ and is responsible for
T and B lymphocytes responsible for antibodies and memory
Primary function of the immune system
Fight foreign intrusions
Secondary functions of the immune system include (2)
-wound repair
-fighting cancer
The endocrine system is comprised of
Glands that secrete hormones into the blood:
-pituitary
-adrenal
-pineal
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-pancreas (endocrine and digestive)
-ovaries
-testes
-placenta
(also kidney, stomach, intestine)
Primary function of the endocrine system is
To signal other systems
Sensory systems are part of the ___ and include ____
Central Nervous System; eyes and ears
Primary functions of the eyes
-vision
-balance
Primary function of the ears
-hearing
-balance
