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Neuro Test 2 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

The Nervous System

A

there are 100 billion neurons in the NS

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2
Q

CNS

A

the brain, spinal cord and all components housed within bone

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3
Q

PNS

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves and components housed outside of the bone

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4
Q

ANS (autonomic)

A

involuntary activities of the visceral muscles

sympathetic system and parasympathetic system

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5
Q

sympathetic system

A

subsystem that responds to stimulation through energy expenditure

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6
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

System that counters the responses of the sympathetic system

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7
Q

SNS (somatic)

A

Governs the aspects of bodily function that are under our conscious and voluntary control

pyramidal system and extrapyramidal system

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8
Q

pyramidal system

A

Largely responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts

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9
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

responsible for background tone and movement, supporting the primary motor acts

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10
Q

Neurons

A

functional building blocks of the nervous system

Function is to transmit information and respond to stimulation

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11
Q

glial cells

A

critical players in the development of synapses

Provide structural support for neuron, and play an important role in storing information in a long-term memory

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12
Q

glial cell names

A

astrocytes, oliogodendroglia, microglia, schwann cells and satellite cells

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13
Q

Parts of the neuron

A

soma - cell body

Dendrite - transmits information towards the soma

Axon - transmits information away from the soma

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14
Q

Axon hillock

A

junction of axon with soma

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15
Q

Myelin sheath

A

White, fatty wrapping of axon; functions to speed up neural conduction

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Areas between myelinated segments; also important in conduction

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17
Q

Telodendria

A

Long, thin projections at axon endpoint; have terminal buttons at the end

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18
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

Found within terminal buttons and contain neurotransmitters

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Compounds responsible for activating next neuron in chain of neurons

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20
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap between two neurons, where neurotransmitter released

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21
Q

excitation

A

Stimulation that causes an increase of activity of the tissue stimulated

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22
Q

Inhibition

A

Stimulation to a neuron that reduces the neurons output

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23
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain

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24
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement

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25
Q

Synapse

A

when neuron is stimulated, axon discharges neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft. adjacent neuron responds. Information enters a dendrite and exits at axon.

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26
Q

presynaptic

A

Those “upstream” from the synapse

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27
Q

postsynaptic

A

Stimulated by presynaptic neurons

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28
Q

Monopolar neuron

A

neurons with a single, bifurcating process arising from soma

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29
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

have two processes

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30
Q

multipolar neurons

A

More than two processes

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31
Q

Layers of cerebrum

A

Surface gray matter, white matter, deep gray matter, ventricles

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32
Q

Cerebral longitudinal fissure

A

Separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

gyrus

A

A ridge on the cerebral cortex

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34
Q

sulcus

A

infolding valleys that separate gyri

35
Q

5 lobes of cerebrum

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular

36
Q

lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure

A

Divides temporal from frontal and anterior parietal

37
Q

Central sulcus/rolandic sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal entirely

38
Q

Frontal lobe

A

largest

reasoning, planning, motor movement

key areas: Brocas and motor strip

39
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory perception and interpretation; integrates info from vision, auditory and somatic sense

key areas: Postcentral gyrus, supramariginal gyri and angular guri

40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

posterior limit or brain

41
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Memory, receptive language; auditory reception and language processing

key areas: heschls gyrus and posterior wernickes area

42
Q

Broca’s area

A

Speech motor planning in dominant hemisphere

43
Q

Motor strip

A

Site of initiation of voluntary motor movement

44
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Sensory counterpart to the motor strip, primary site of sensory output; received sensation from various parts of body

45
Q

Supermarginal gyri

A

Involvement in motor planning for speech

46
Q

angular gyri

A

Important in comprehension of written material

47
Q

heschl’s gyrus

A

where all auditory information is projected

48
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Important in language decoding

49
Q

corpus callosum

A

A band of fibrous that connects the right and left hemispheres together

50
Q

gray matter

A

neuron bodies

51
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axon fibers

52
Q

projection fibers

A

connects cortex with distant locations

53
Q

Association fibers

A

Provides communication between regions of the same hemisphere

54
Q

comissural fibers

A

Runs from one location on a hemisphere to the corresponding location on the opposite hemisphere

55
Q

Cerebral palsy

A

Nonprogressive brain disorder; occurs before, or right after birth

56
Q

ventricles

A

Fluid filled spaces in the brain; each one has the choroid plexus, which produces cerebral spinal fluid

Right lateral ventricle, left lateral ventricle, third ventricle, fourth ventricle

57
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

found in: ventricles, arachnoid space, brain, spinal cord

Functions: protection, buoyancy, removes waste, transports nutrients and hormones

58
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

“Water on the brain”

Accumulation of CSF, which arises from an imbalance in the production and drainage of fluid

Presents as large head

59
Q

meninges

A

The inside of the skull can be very inhospitable for the delicate brain, three layers protect it

60
Q

Dura mater

A

Tough bilayered lining; most superficial

61
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Lacey, spiderlike structure where many blood vessels for the brain pass

middle layer

62
Q

Pia matter

A

thin, membranous covering that closely contours the brain; major arteries and veins, serving surface of brain course within this layer

inner layer

63
Q

Epidural space

A

between skull and Dura mater

64
Q

Subdural space

A

between Dura mater and arachnoid mater

65
Q

subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater

66
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

protects against foreign invaders; protects against hormones/neurotransmitters in rest of body; maintains constant environment for brain

Violated by: HTN, radiation, trauma, infection

67
Q

circle of Willis

A

The arrangement of the brains arteries to create redundancy to ensure a constant blood supply to the brain; if one part is blocked, another part can take over

68
Q

Venous drainage and blockage

A

System of blood vessels called veins that provide the means of draining carbon dioxide-laden blood to the lungs for reoxygenation

69
Q

Thrombus

A

A foreign body that obstructs a blood vessel

70
Q

Embolism

A

When a thrombus breaks loose from its site of formation and flows through bloodstream, and causes occlusion

71
Q

subcortex

A

lies directly below the cerebral cortex

3 divisions: limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon

72
Q

diencephalon

A

directs sense impulses throughout the body

parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

73
Q

thalamus

A

large, dual-lobed mass of grey matter; connects areas of the cortex involved in perception and movement with related parts of the brain and spinal cord; relays sensory; perception of pain, temperature and touch

74
Q

hypothalamus

A

control center for autonomic functions of PNS; maintenance of homeostasis; regulation; pituitary gland

75
Q

cushing disease

A

tumor on pituitary gland; high levels of cortisol

76
Q

hippocampus

A

memory forming, organizing, and storing; connects emotions and senses

77
Q

reticular formation

A

function: arousal and attention

location: nerve fibers inside the brainstem

78
Q

epithalamus

A

secretion of melatonin (circadian rhythms) and regulating emotions

connects limbic system to forebrain and other parts of brain

parts: pineal gland (melatonin) and habenula

79
Q

subthalamus

A

control of striated muscle; connects basal ganglia to motor cortex; damage can result in heminallismus

80
Q

insula

A

“island of reil”

location: deep to operculum

role in language; lexical decision making; seen in global aphasia

81
Q

limbic system

A

motivation and affect

composed of: uncus, pareahippocampal gyrus, cingulate, olfactory bulb and tract, hippocampal formation

82
Q

basal ganglia

A

control of movement; regulates voluntary motor activities

made of: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

83
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinating motor commands with sensory inputs to control movement; role as memory for motor functions

Motor: Planning, fine, motor activity, head and body positioning

linguistic: perception of speech/language

Neuro Test 2 (7 decks)

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