Lectures 11-12 - Immunisation and antibody technologies

Question 1

what is a consequence, in infants, of maternal IgG decreasing?

Answer 1

hypogammaglobulinaemia

Question 2

name an inactivated vaccine (uses dead organisms)

Answer 2

polio

Question 3

name an attenuated vaccine (live organisms but virulence disabled)

Answer 3

tuberculosis

Question 4

name a subunit vaccine (protein fragments)

Answer 4

hepatitis B

Question 5

name a toxoid vaccine (uses a bacterial toxin)

Answer 5

tetanus

Question 6

name a conjugate vaccine (a substance with low antigenic property bound to one with high )

Answer 6

s. pneumoniae and diptheria

Question 7

name 3 cons of a live vaccine

Answer 7

• reversion to virulence
• susceptible to inactivation
• can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts

Question 8

polio is a negative sense enterovirus. true or false?

Answer 8

false. positive sense enterovirus

Question 9

how many strains of polio can cause disease?

Answer 9

3

Question 10

which technique was used to develop the N. Meningitis vaccine?

Answer 10

genetic screening / reverse vaccinology

(identifies proteins)

Question 11

what does antiserum contain?

antiserum contains different antibodies from different B cells which bind the …….. antigens

serum contains all proteins except……….

Answer 11

serum from an immunized individual

bind the SAME antigens

clotting factors

Question 12

what is the purpose of using secondary antibodies in techniques such as an indirect or sandwich ELISA?

Answer 12

amplifies signal and increases sensitivity of antibody detection system

Question 13

primary antibody = rat antibody

what would the secondary antibody be?

Answer 13

any ANIMAL, ANTI-RAT, any IG depending on what is being used

Question 14

An adjuvant is a substance administered with what?

to increase what?

Answer 14

a substance administered with an antigen to increase an immune response

Question 15

what is a common adjuvant used in humans?

in animals?

Answer 15

humans = aluminium hydroxide
animals = freund’s

Question 16

what do adjuvants present the cross presentation of? on which molecules?

what do they induce the release of?

they activate DCs by which 2 types of receptors typically found on pathogens?

Answer 16

cross presentation of EXOGENOUS ANTIGENS on MHC I

induce release of cytokines

activate DCs by TLR/NLRs

Question 17

immunofluoresence microscopy collects data ……. producing a ….. dataset?

Answer 17

quickly

large

Question 18

ELISAs detect the presence of what, quantitatively?

Answer 18

antigens

Question 19

which type of ELISA is most sensitive, capturing the antibody used?

Answer 19

sandwich/capture ELISA

Question 20

in flow cytometry, what would small, granular, unmodified cells show as on the forward and side scatter values?

Answer 20

high forward, low side

Question 21

forward side scatter values in flow cytometry measure what about cells?

Answer 21

cell size

Question 22

side scatter values in flow cytometry measure what about cells?

Answer 22

cell granularity

Question 23

what are the 2 fluorochromes used in flow cytometry?

Answer 23

FITC, R-PE

Question 24

why is an indirect ELISA capable of detecting LESS antigen than a direct ELISA?

Answer 24

because in an indirect ELISA, 2 antibodies are used instead of 1

there is signal amplification (due to the fact that primary antibodies bind multiple secondary antibodies)