Lectures 11-12 - Immunisation and antibody technologies Flashcards
what is a consequence, in infants, of maternal IgG decreasing?
hypogammaglobulinaemia
name an inactivated vaccine (uses dead organisms)
polio
name an attenuated vaccine (live organisms but virulence disabled)
tuberculosis
name a subunit vaccine (protein fragments)
hepatitis B
name a toxoid vaccine (uses a bacterial toxin)
tetanus
name a conjugate vaccine (a substance with low antigenic property bound to one with high )
s. pneumoniae and diptheria
name 3 cons of a live vaccine
- reversion to virulence
- susceptible to inactivation
- can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts
polio is a negative sense enterovirus. true or false?
false. positive sense enterovirus
how many strains of polio can cause disease?
3
which technique was used to develop the N. Meningitis vaccine?
genetic screening / reverse vaccinology
(identifies proteins)
what does antiserum contain?
antiserum contains different antibodies from different B cells which bind the …….. antigens
serum contains all proteins except……….
serum from an immunized individual
bind the SAME antigens
clotting factors
what is the purpose of using secondary antibodies in techniques such as an indirect or sandwich ELISA?
amplifies signal and increases sensitivity of antibody detection system
primary antibody = rat antibody
what would the secondary antibody be?
any ANIMAL, ANTI-RAT, any IG depending on what is being used
An adjuvant is a substance administered with what?
to increase what?
a substance administered with an antigen to increase an immune response
what is a common adjuvant used in humans?
in animals?
humans = aluminium hydroxide
animals = freund’s
what do adjuvants present the cross presentation of? on which molecules?
what do they induce the release of?
they activate DCs by which 2 types of receptors typically found on pathogens?
cross presentation of EXOGENOUS ANTIGENS on MHC I
induce release of cytokines
activate DCs by TLR/NLRs
immunofluoresence microscopy collects data ……. producing a ….. dataset?
quickly
large
ELISAs detect the presence of what, quantitatively?
antigens
which type of ELISA is most sensitive, capturing the antibody used?
sandwich/capture ELISA
in flow cytometry, what would small, granular, unmodified cells show as on the forward and side scatter values?
high forward, low side
forward side scatter values in flow cytometry measure what about cells?
cell size
side scatter values in flow cytometry measure what about cells?
cell granularity
what are the 2 fluorochromes used in flow cytometry?
FITC, R-PE
why is an indirect ELISA capable of detecting LESS antigen than a direct ELISA?
because in an indirect ELISA, 2 antibodies are used instead of 1
there is signal amplification (due to the fact that primary antibodies bind multiple secondary antibodies)
