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Anatomy II Exam 1: Lectures 1-8 > Lectures 1 & 2: Intro to Evolutionary Anatomy > Flashcards

Lectures 1 & 2: Intro to Evolutionary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by functional anatomy?

A

It is the study of anatomy as it relates to function. A functional explanation of a structure wil focus on what a structure does and how it is used by the organism it is attributed to.

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2
Q

What is evolutionary anatomy?

A

The study of anatomy as it relates to how organisms are related to each other from a phylogenetic perspective. An evolutionary explanation of a structure will focus on how changes over time, resulting from selective pressure and other evolutionary processes have led to observed similarities and differences among organisms

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3
Q

What is biological evolution?

A

Descent with modification

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4
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

A science, concerned with identifying, describing, grouping, and then naming organisms in a systematic fashion
**How we classify organisms based on observed characteristics

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5
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

Diagram that illustrates a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships within and between groups of organisms.
Phylogenies are constructed using methods of phylogenetic inference to evaluate observable heritable characteristics

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6
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Essentially unites taxonomy and phylogenetics to create a method of classification of organisms that is based on shared characteristics that are a result of common descent from an ancestral form

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7
Q

What are the 4 processes of evolution?

A

1) Natural selection
2) Gene flow (migration)
3) Genetic drift
4) Mutation

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8
Q

What are the 6 examples of evidence for evolution provided in class? (Objective says to know 5 of these)

A
  • All life is related
  • Organisms form natural groupings
  • Species are dynamic
  • Vestigial structures
  • Biogeography
  • Fossil record
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9
Q

What does “All life is related” as evidence for evolution suggest?

A

Organisms share a universal genetic code and have a common genetic make up

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10
Q

What does “Organisms form natural groupings” as evidence for evolution suggest?

A

Molecular, anatomical and embryological data support relationships among species

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11
Q

What does “Species are dynamic” as evidence for evolution suggest?

A

Biological species concept defines a species as an interbreeding population, but there are many cases where it is difficult to define a species this way

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12
Q

What does “vestigial structures” as evidence for evolution suggest?

A

Organisms often exhibit non-functional or non-adaptive features

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13
Q

What does “Biogeography” as evidence for evolution suggest?

A

Distinct patterns of species distribution cross the planet tells a story of historical processes that have influenced change over time

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14
Q

What are the 3 conditions for natural selection to occur?

A

1) Must be variation in a trait, or traits, within a population
2) Variation must be heritable
3) Variation must correlate with fitness (reproductive survival and success)

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15
Q

What is meant by “variation”?

A

Individual organisms within a population vary from 1 another in observable ways; molecularly, anatomically, behaviorally, etc…

This variation provides the “raw material” of evolution that natural selection works on to produce change over time

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16
Q

What is heritability?

A

Something that can be passed to offspring via genes.

Variation that has a genetic base is heritable

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17
Q

What is reproductive success?

A

An individual’s reproductive success is measured by the number of survival offspring that is has

*more serving offspring=higher reproductive success

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18
Q

What is biological adaptation? Example?

A

The ability of an individual organism or a population of organisms to successfully negotiate the pressures of a given environment in order to survive and reproduce

Giraffes with long necks have greater fitness than giraffes with short necks because they can better reach food

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19
Q

Why is natural selection the best model for explaining adaptiveness?

A

Natural selection produces a “good fit” between species and environments they inhabit

Natural selection has been observed in wild and simulated under controlled conditions for a very long time aka artificial selection

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20
Q

What are the 4 limits of natural selection?

A

1) Selection can only act on existing variation
2) Selection will only improve fitness
3) physical and developmental aspects of an organism constrain natural selection
4) Not all change is due to natural selection (genetic drift is example)

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21
Q

What is adaptionism?

A

The idea that every feature exhibited by an organism is the result of evolution under natural selection

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22
Q

What are the shortcomings of “adaptionism”?

A
  • What about other mechanisms?
  • What about characteristics that appear out of sequence or have no apparent adaptive value?
  • It can be difficult to test for adaptation, therefore difficult to disprove that is has occurred.
  • How do we currently identify relevant traits?
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23
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Shared characteristics of organisms that were inherited from a common ancestor

I.e. All tetrapods have 4 limbs

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24
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Shared characteristics that arise because of similar selective pressures, thru parallel or convergent evolution

Characteristics that are similar in organisms that have separate evolutionary lineages

I.e. Bird and bat wings

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25
Q

What is parallelism?

A

Selection has exerted similar pressures on two closely related organisms

26
Q

What is convergence?

A

Selection has exerted similar pressures on 2 distantly related organisms

27
Q

What is a symplesiomorphy?

A

Shared primitive characteristics

28
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

Shared derived characteristic that is assumed to be present in the most recent common ancestor

29
Q

What is a plesiomorphy?

A

Ancestral state

30
Q

Explain the functional perspective of the human spinal column

A
  1. Protects spinal cord
  2. Provides structural core for attachment of head, thorax and limbs
  3. Transmits the weight of the upper body to lower limbs
  4. Accommodates bipedal/upright postures and locomotion (due to its unique curvature)
31
Q

What are the similarities between the human and chimpanzee spinal column anatomy?

A
  1. Protection of spinal cord

2. Rigid structural core for head and limbs

32
Q

What are the differences between the human and chimpanzee spinal column anatomy?

A
  1. Spinal curvatures that accommodate upright posture

2. Obligate bipedalism versus straighter spinal column that accommodates quadrupedal knuckle-walking

33
Q

What does the evolutionary perspective show?

A

Common features that are evidence of common ancestry

Differences indicate key selective pressures that led to adaptations for upright posture and bipedal locomotion in humans

34
Q

What has lead to the species diversity that we observe?

A

Process of descent with modification (biological evolution)

35
Q

Squirrel example of descent with modification

A

80% = sparsely furred tails
20% = bushier tails
Over time, climate becomes much colder

Bushier tails tend to survive longer and produce more offspring

Later generations
70% = bushier tails
30% sparsely furred tails

36
Q

Savannah grazers example of descent with modification

A 
50% = longer neck vertebral segments
50% = lack gene

Over time, food becomes scarce and must browse from trees

Longer neck leads to increase in survival and reproduction rates

Later generations
95% = longer neck

37
Q

What is intersexual selection and example

A

Favoring traits in one sex that attract the other sex

Bird coloring in males to attract females
Can make males more susceptible to predators

38
Q

What is intrasexual selection and an example?

A

Favoring the ability of one sex, typically males, to directly compete with one another for fertilization opportunities

Some male primates have much larger bodies than females and very large canines
Biggest males with largest teeth can drive other males away and gain relatively exclusive access to females

39
Q

Define microevolution

A

Occurs when there are changes in gene frequencies in a population from one generation to the next

40
Q

Define macroevolution

A

Occurs when there is a descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations

41
Q

Among the 15 characteristics that unite members of the order primates are:

Housing of the middle ear in the thick ____________ bone
Emphasis on vision making the orbits ________ and ________
Frontally directed orbits reinforced by a ______________

A

Petrosal
Convergent and frontated
Post-orbital bar

42
Q

Among the 15 characteristics that unite members of the order primates are:

___________ vision, allowing for enhanced depth perception
_____________ emphasis on smell
Grasping hands and feet with ________ first digits

A

Stereoscopic
Decreased
Opposable

43
Q

Among the 15 characteristics that unite members of the order primates are:

______ sitting posture
___________ bipedalism
___________ brain size

A

Erect
Facultative
Increased

44
Q

Among the 15 characteristics that unite members of the order primates are:

__________ life history stages
__________ social behavior and communication
___________ habitat
____________ distribution (location)

A

Prolonged
Complex
Arboreal
Tropical

45
Q

Among the 22 characteristics/trends that unite the genus Homo (humans) are:

Relatively and absolutely _______ brain size

____________ developed intellect, awareness, consciousness, etc.

________ facial expressions

A

Large
Highly
Diverse

46
Q

Among the 22 characteristics/trends that unite the genus Homo (humans) are:

__________ use of language
___________ life history
__________ bipedalism and its anatomical correlates

A

Habitual
Extended
Habitual

47
Q

Among the 22 characteristics/trends that unite the genus Homo (humans) are:

___________ arch of the foot

___________ of hair, ___________ sweating, ______ subcutaneous fat

__________ of the face, __________ of tooth size

A

Longitudinal

Reduction; increased; more

Shortening; reduction

48
Q

Among the 22 characteristics/trends that unite the genus Homo (humans) are:

__________ enamel

Food ________ and _________

Extensive _________ culture

A

Thickened

Sharing; production

Material

49
Q

Among the 22 characteristics/trends that unite the genus Homo (humans) are:

Use of ___________

Use of __________

Complex _______ behavior and organization

A

Clothing

Fire

Social

50
Q

Among the 22 characteristics/trends that unite the genus Homo (humans) are:

______ division of labor as well as extensive division of labor within society

Long-term ______ bonding

Pursuit of _____________ our of context of reproduction

_______ of the habitat

A

Gender

Pair

Sexual behavior

Reshaping

51
Q

The 4 complexes of traits that have contributed to the unique adaptive strategy of humans are:

________ bipedalism

________ brain

Ability to sustain high ___________ activities

A life history strategy that depends on complex ________ relationships

A

Habitual
Enlarged
Metabolic
Social

52
Q

In the shift from facultative to habitual bipedality, changes occurred in the vertebral column, femoral angle, foot, and pelvis. What were these changes?

A

The vertebral column gained curvature and successively larger vertebrae from cervical to lumbar

Femoral angle increased to allow humans to place foot directly beneath center of mass

Foot became flattened and more platform-like

Pelvis gained larger lateral shape vs. primates who had longer iliac blade

53
Q

Who uses oxygen more efficiently, Humans or Primates?

A

Humans use oxygen 75% more efficiently

54
Q

What aspect of forearm anatomy allows for stronger movement and dexterity in humans?

A

Longer flexor muscle of the thumb

55
Q

In comparing the skulls of hominin vs. other hominids, hominin has:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ brain size
Canine \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ enamel
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ face
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in masticatory mass
A 
Increased
Reduction
Thickened
Shortened
Decrease
56
Q

The general behavioral trends of the genus Homo include:

Ever _________ tool complexity

Incorporation of scavenged and/or hunted _____ food, and later dependence on _________

_______ cultural practice

A

Increasing

Flesh; cooking

Complex

57
Q

The size dimorphism in the genus Homo suggests what from gorillas to chimps to humans?

A

Gorillas: single male + multifemale social units

Chimps: multimale + multifemale units

Humans: serial monogamy (humans)

58
Q

Describe the primary craniofacial differences between the Australopithecines and Paranthropines in terms of tooth enamel, brain size, dentition trends, and cranial structure

A

Australopithecines:
Thick enamel, chimp-like brain size, generally large dentition, similar cranial structure among species until sediba who had projecting nose and smaller teeth/chewing muscles

Paranthropines
Massive, thickly enameled molars, slightly larger brain size, molarized premolars with greatly reduced anterior dentition, massive trophic cranial structures leading to increased specialization for food processing

59
Q

What makes a primate a primate?

Presence of a __________________ in the skull

Orbits are both ____________ and _____________

Hands are ______________, often rotated, and occasionally opposable thumb

Feet are ___________, often with rotated toe (except humans)

All primates have ________

A

Post-orbital bar

Convergent; frontated

Divergent

Divergent

Nails

60
Q

In comparing lemurs/lorises vs. monkeys/apes:

Lemurs have split nose with ______ patch; apes have _____ nose

Lemurs have post-orbital bar with _______, but beyond the bar is ______ in apes

Lemurs have a larger and more complex _______ than apes, representing the apes increased dependence on vision

Lemurs have a tooth ______, apes do not

A

Wet; dry
Opening; closed
Snout
Comb

61
Q

In comparing New World monkeys to Old World monkeys:

New World have ______ nose with nostrils on the ______, Old World have nostrils toward the ______

OW have lost one _______. NW have a dental formula of 2:1:3:3, OW have 2:1:2:3.

Humans share their dental formula with the _______ monkeys

_______ monkeys have prehensile tails (hang on things)

A

Flat; sides; front

Premolar

Old world

New world

62
Q

In what two ways are all monkeys different from apes?

A

Monkeys may/may not have tails, but NO apes have tails

Apes generally have larger and more complex brains - more gyri and sulci and differentiation of function by hemisphere

Anatomy II Exam 1: Lectures 1-8 (10 decks)

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