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Anatomy II Exam 1: Lectures 1-8 > Lecture 6: Thorax And Spine > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Thorax And Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to vertebrates, the chordates possess a rigid but flexible _________. Vertebrates arise with segmented bony elements with cartilaginous discs in between which are remnants of this structure known as the __________ __________

A

Notochord

Nucleus pulposus

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2
Q

Early tetrapods have _______ associated with each segment of the trunk. Like the earlier chordates and vertebrates, ____________ movements of the axial skeleton help with locomotion or propulsion

A

Ribs

Sinuous (side-to-side)

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3
Q

With mammalian tetrapods, there is further differentiation of the regional vertebral segments. Ribs are limited to the __________ region and there are _____ cervical vertebrae in all but a couple of taxa. There is more developed articulation of the occipital portion of the skull with the ________ and there is the odontoid process (dens) on ______. Sagittal __________ of the vertebral column is more prevalent. The sternum is _______ and the thoracic rib cage is generally _______-shaped

A 
Thoracic
7
Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2)
Flexion
Fused
Keel
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4
Q

What does the term hominoid refer to?

A

Apes and humans

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5
Q

Describe the characteristics of the hominoid axial skeleton in terms of the sacrum, caudal vertebrae, and thoracic rib cage

A

Sacrum is expanded and fused (more segments)

Caudal vertebrae are reduced in number or absent

Conical thoracic rib cage becomes flatter/more broad

Distinct thoracic vertebral region linked to thoracic cavity

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6
Q

Differentiate the terms orthograde and bipedal

A 
Orthograde = upright posture
Bipedal = upright walking
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7
Q

What does the term hominin refer to?

A

Humans and their direct ancestors

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8
Q

Describe characteristics of the hominin axial skeleton in terms of thoracic cavity size/shape, vertebral bodies, sacral angle, and spine curvature

A

Expansion of thoracic cavity into barrel-shape (no longer conical)

Relative increase in size of vertebral bodies from cervical to lumbar and sacral regions (reflects weight bearing bipedal)

Prominent sacral angle and lumbar lordosis (curvature)

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9
Q

In general, as sacral angle increases, the lumbar convex curvature (lordosis) __________. Does a gorilla have a straighter lumbar region or more curved?

A

Increases

Gorillas or chimps have straighter lumbar regions and less of a sacral angle

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10
Q

Describe the general function of the spinal column in pronograde/quadrupeds and orthograde/bipeds

A

Pronograde = suspension bridge with cranium positioned out in front of spinal column

Orthograde = spine acts as an actual column with cranium positioned over it

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11
Q

Describe the Frankfurt plane

A

In the anatomical position, the skull is oriented so that the inferior margins of the orbits and the superior margin of the external acoustic meatus are horizontal

Allows for standardization of skull position to compare structures among different taxa

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12
Q

Describe the position of the foramen magnum as it relates to quadrupedalism vs. bipedalism

A

Quadrupedal species have posterior foramen magnum because spinal column extends out behind the head

Bipedal species will have more anteriorly positioned foramen magnum

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13
Q

Compare the thorax and lumbar region of an arboreal quadruped vs. terrestrial quadruped vs. suspensory/climber

A

Arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds have narrow thorax and long lumbar region

Suspensory/climbers have broad thorax and short lumbar region

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14
Q

Describe bipedal features in humans including:

Foramen magnum
Length of lumbar region
Shape of thorax
Degree of spinal curvature
Degree of sacral angle
Coccyx
Size of vertebral bodies
A

Foramen magnum is positioned to hold cranium directly over spine

Relatively short lumbar region

Barrel-shaped thorax

Pronounced spinal curvature
Increased sacral angle

Reduced coccyx/no tail

Progressively larger vertebral bodies that allow weight transmission to lower limb through a columnar structure

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15
Q

The Australopithecines had skulls attaching more ________, a ___-shaped spine with _______ vertebrae that were not likely to be weight-bearing. They had arms that were _________ than their legs and not used for walking. They had ______-shaped pelvis with the femur angled ____. Due to these features, they were likely ___________ bipeds and mostly arboreal.

A 
Inferiorly
S
Small, lighter
Shorter
Bowl
In
Facultative
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16
Q

Homo ergaster/erectus had a ______-shaped rib cage, lumbar _______, and probably ____ lumbar vertebrae. Because of these features, they were likely ________ terrestrial bipeds.

A

Barrel
Lordosis
5
Habitual

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17
Q

What is the junction point between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae?

A

Cervicothoracic junction = C7

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18
Q

What palpable skeletal landmark for the human back and spinal column indicates the level of T3?

A

Scapular spine

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19
Q

The inferior scapular angle is found at the level of what vertebra?

A

T7

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20
Q

Where is the “transitional vertebra” found in humans?

A

T12, at the level of the 12th rib

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21
Q

L4 is typically found at the level of what bony landmark?

A

Iliac crest

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22
Q

Describe general characteristics of cervical vertebrae in terms of size, body shape, foramen size, and characteristics of spinous processes

A

Smaller, rectangular bodies
Large vertebral foramen
Spinous processes are forked

Also note cervical enlargement for brachial plexus/cervical plexus and transverse foramina for passage of vertebral arteries (blood supply for midbrain)

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23
Q

Describe characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

A

Facets on transverse processes for ribs
Demi-facets on ribs articulate between the vertebrae
Somewhat longer/larger spinous processes
Larger bodies than cervical, but smaller than lumbar
Smaller vertebral foramen

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24
Q

Describe characteristics of lumbar vertebrae

A

Large bodies to support more weight
Shorter spinous processes
Shorter transverse processes

Shorter processes to accommodate lumbar lordosis

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25
Q

Describe features of the atlas

A

Atlas = C1

Superior articular facet articulates with occipital condyles

No body

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26
Q

What is the identifying feature of the axis?

A

Axis = C2, has the dens aka odontoid process

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27
Q

What aspect of the spinal column allows for passage of spinal nerves?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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28
Q

What vertebrae appear concave from posterior to anterior?

A

Cervical and Lumbar

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29
Q

What vertebrae appear convex from posterior to anterior?

A

Thoracic

30
Q

What section of the vertebral column has the least degree of mobility and why?

A

Thoracic region, because it has the rib cage encasing various organs in addition to extensive musculature for upper limb movement, etc.

Cervical and lumbar are more mobile

31
Q

The intervertebral joints (between vertebral bodies) are primarily maintained by what 3 ligamentous structures?

A

Annulus fibrosis
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament

32
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

A

Fibrous outer layer of discs - binds the bodies of vertebrae together

33
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Reinforces the annulus fibrosis

34
Q

In terms of the ligamentous structures maintaining the intervertebral joints, the spinal cord sits behind the ___________

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

35
Q

Compare the sizes of nuchal ligaments between quadrupeds and bipeds

A

Quadrupeds have larger nuchal ligaments to suspend the head out in front

36
Q

What ligament of the human vertebral column contains more collagen than the others?

A

Ligamentum flava

37
Q

What ligaments of the human vertebral column are found between transverse processes?

A

Intertransverse ligaments

38
Q

How many of each type of vertebrae do humans have?

A 
Cervical = 7
Thoracic = 12
Lumbar = 5
Sacral = 5
39
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

40
Q

Ribs articulate with ________ and _________

A

Sternum

Vertebrae

41
Q

Which ribs are considered atypical and why? Are they still considered true ribs?

A

1 and 2 are atypical because of attachments for neck muscles

11 and 12 are atypical because they are “floating”

YES they are still considered true ribs

42
Q

What ribs are considered true ribs, aka vertebrocostal?

A

1-7

43
Q

What ribs are considered false ribs, aka vertebrochondral, and why?

A

8-10

They fuse to rib 7 cartilage (they do not have their own costal cartilage)

44
Q

The head of each rib articulates with 2 ______ on the spinal column

A

Demi-facets

45
Q

What aspect of rib structure accommodates intercostal nerves/veins supplying the body wall?

A

Costal groove

46
Q

What 2 muscles are associated with rib movement?

A

Intercostal muscles

Diaphragm contraction

47
Q

The “pump-handle” movement ribs involves the elevation of ribs and resulting increase in ________________ diameter of the thoracic cavity

A

Antero-posterior

48
Q

The “bucket-handle” movement of ribs involves the elevation of ribs and resulting increase in ___________ diameter of the thoracic cavity

A

Lateral

49
Q

In terms of relative proportions of manubrium to body of the sternum in primates, apes and humans tend to have a ___________ sternum. What is unique about the sternum components in humans?

A

Broader

Human sternum components are fully fused by late adulthood

50
Q

Compare the shape of the thorax of the macaque, chimp, and human

A

Macaque has scapulae positioned very posteriorly without much invagination; keel-shaped thorax; narrow sternum

Chimp has more invagination and lateral movement of scapula/clavicle (for climbing)

Human has even more invagination and lateral movement of scapula/clavicle (invagination allows for orthograde posture)

51
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the back are considered __________ and are innervated by the ________ rami of spinal nerves

A

Hypaxial

Ventral

52
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the back are considered __________ and are innervated by the _______ rami of spinal nerves

A

Epaxial

Dorsal

53
Q

What are extrinsic muscles of the back generally used for?

A

Movement of the upper limbs and pectoral girdle

54
Q

What are intrinsic muscles of the back generally used for?

A

These are mainly postural muscles that support and move the vertebral column and head

55
Q

The erector spinae group and transversospinalis group are considered to be a part of which type of musculature of the back?

A

Intrinsic (epaxial)

56
Q

What part of the transversospinalis group of intrinsic back musculature is the biggest part in the lumbar; in animals with tails: as you go toward the tail it will become the caudalis

A

Multifidus

57
Q

Compare the relative size of the erector spinae group in monkeys and humans

A

In old world monkeys: flares out laterally which reflects quadrupedal adaptation

In humans: smaller with much less flaring

58
Q

What are 3 important anatomical distinctions from Homo and Pan (baboon) in terms of levator scapulae, rhomboid, and iliocostalis?

A

Levator scapulae is represented by 2 muscles (atlantoscapularis ant. and post.)

Rhomboid is one muscle and there is a cranial attachment

Highly developed iliocostalis

59
Q

What are the 2 primary functions of the muscles of the suboccipital region of the posterior neck?

A

Mainly postural muscles

Aid in extension + rotation at atlantoaxial joint

60
Q

What two muscles overlay the posterior neck muscles?

A

Splenius

Semispinalis capitis

61
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the suboccipital region of the posterior neck?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Obliquus capitis superior
Obliquus capitis inferior

62
Q

In terms of important anatomical distinctions in Papio (baboons) from Homo and Pan:

The splenius muscle is very ______ and _______ in Papio, with only a cranial capitis portion, no ________ portion. Deeper posterior neck muscles are similar between Papio and Homo. In Pan, there is an addition unnamed suboccipital muscle passing from C3 to the ________ process of the atlas - this is not present in Homo or Papio

A

Thick and broad; cervical

Transverse

63
Q

The muscles of the human pectoral region are innervated by the ______ rami of spinal nerves via branches of the __________ __________

A

Ventral

Brachial plexus

64
Q

What muscle of the human pectoral region is responsible for anchoring and stabilizing the clavicle?

A

Subclavius

65
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the anterior and lateral abdominal wall? List in order of more anterior/superficial to more posterior/deep

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominus
Transversus abdominus

66
Q

The iliopsoas muscle is formed from what two muscles merging together?

A

Psoas major

Iliacus

67
Q

What three pairs of muscles function primarily as flexors of the trunk and/or hip?

A

The muscles of the posterior abdominal wall:

Iliacus
Psoas major
Psoas minor

68
Q

What pair of muscles extends to the lumbar vertebral region and also contributes to lateral flexion?

A

Quadratus lumborum

69
Q

What are the two important anatomical distinctions in Papio (baboon) from Homo and Pan in terms of pectoral musculature?

A

Presence of pectoralis abdominus muscles

Presence of pectoralis lateralis and medialis instead of major and minor

70
Q

What is the general trend from Pan to human in terms of abdominal and pectoral musculature?

A

Decrease in abdominal and pectoral musculature in bipeds because we do not need to suspend our abdomen above the ground while walking

Anatomy II Exam 1: Lectures 1-8 (10 decks)

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