Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy II Exam 1: Lectures 1-8 > Lecture 3: Muscles, Joints, & Biomechanics > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Muscles, Joints, & Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Each skeletal muscle is composed of fascicles, which are bundles of muscle ________ aka muscle cells

A

Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscle fibers contain __________ which are made up of ____________

A

Myofibrils; myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

__________ attaches the muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle and usually have thick, cordlike structure

A

Tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tendons sometimes form a thin, flattened sheet called an ____________

A

Aponeurosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons bind muscle to bone

Ligaments bind bone to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most skeletal muscles extend between bones and cross at least one movable joint. Upon contraction, one of the bones moves while the other bone usually remains fixed. The less movable attachment of a muscle is called its _________; the more movable attachment is its _____________

A

Origin; insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The insertion of a muscle is typically pulled __________ the origin. The origin typically lies _________ to the insertion

A

Toward; proximal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 4 organizational patterns in fascicles of muscle fibers

A

Circular
Convergent
Parallel
Pennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What fascicle organizational pattern is a sphincter, where contraction of the muscle closes off the opening?

A

Circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What fascicle organizational pattern has fascicles running in the same direction as its long axis and has a central belly or gaster?

A

Parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What fascicle organizational pattern has widespread muscle fibers that have a common attachment site often triangular in shape?

A

Convergent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What fascicle organizational pattern has one or more tendons extending through the body with fascicles arranged at an oblique angle?

A

Pennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which fascicle pattern would allow you to bear the most weight: unipennate, bipennate, or multipennate?

A

Multipennate, because it has the most fascicles per unit area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Skeletal muscles can be grouped by action - what is an agonist?

A

Aka prime mover; contracts to produce a particular movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of skeletal muscle opposes the action of the agonist?

A

Antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Skeletal muscles can be grouped by action - what is a synergist?

A

Assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing its action, usually by stabilizing the point of origin

sometimes called a fixator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the relationship between the mobility and stability of joints

A

Indirectly proportional

The more mobile the joint, the less stable it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of joint occurs where bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue?

A

Fibrous joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of joint occurs where bones are joined by cartilage?

A

Cartilaginous joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of joint is most complex and has a fluid filled cavity?

A

Synovial joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In terms of joint classification: ___________ is an immovable joint

A

Synarthrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In terms of joint classification: __________ is a slightly movable joint

A

Amphiarthrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In terms of joint classification: _________ is a freely movable joint

A

Diarthrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Most fibrous joints are classified as ____________ or __________

A

Synarthrosis (immovable)

Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)

25
Q

True or false: most fibrous joints have a joint cavity

A

False, most do not have a joint cavity

26
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints and how are they classified in terms of mobility?

A

Gomphosis (synarthrosis)
Sutures (synarthrosis)
Syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis)

27
Q

The membranes of connective tissue in the arms and legs that allow supination/pronation are what type of joint?

A

Syndesmosis (amphiarthrosis)

28
Q

Do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?

A

No

29
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis (amphiarthrosis or synarthrosis)

Symphyses (amphiarthrosis)

30
Q

What type of joints are freely movable articulations, classified as diarthrosis, and are separated by a joint cavity?

A

Synovial joints

31
Q

What are the basic features of synovial joints?

A 
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Ligaments
Nerves
Blood vessels
32
Q

What accessory structure to synovial joints is composed of a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane?

A

Bursae

33
Q

What accessory structures to synovial joints are often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint and act as packing material to provide protection for the joint?

A

Fatpads

34
Q

What accessory structure to synovial joints has the primary purpose of stabilizing the joint itself?

A

Tendons

35
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joints from least movable to most movable

A 
Planar joints
Hinge joints
Pivot joints
Condyloid joints
Saddle joints
Ball-and-socket joints
36
Q

What type of joint is the dens of the axis in the neck?

A

Pivot

37
Q

What type of joint is the elbow?

A

Hinge

38
Q

Where might you find a condyloid joint?

A

The knuckles

39
Q

Where might you find a saddle joint?

A

Base of the thumb

40
Q

How would you increase the efficiency of a lever system?

A

Increase the length of the effort arm in relation to the load arm, that way you need less muscular effort to move the load

41
Q

In terms of lever systems in the body, a long bone acts as a ___________, a joint serves as the __________, and the effort is generated by ________ attached to the bone

A

Lever
Fulcrum
Muscle

42
Q

What type of lever system has resistance between the fulcrum and the applied force?

A

Second class

43
Q

What type of lever system has the force applied between the resistance and the fulcrum?

A

Third-class

** this is the most common lever system in the body **

44
Q

What type of lever system has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and resistance?

A

First-class

45
Q

What is an anatomical example of a first class lever system?

A

Nuchal musculature

The face is the load, the fulcrum is at the base of the head, and the effort is the nuchal musculature

46
Q

What is an anatomical example of a second-class lever system?

A

Standing on the ball of the foot

The fulcrum is the ball of the foot, the load is the weight of the body, the effort is the calf musculature

47
Q

What is an anatomical example of a third-class lever system?

A

Lifting a dumbbell with the biceps

Load is the weight in your hand, fulcrum is the elbow, effort is the biceps musculature

48
Q

What anatomical difference is seen in the forearm of bears, resulting in very strong but relatively slower flexion?

A

The biceps tendon inserts further down (distally) on the forearm

In humans, the biceps tendon inserts closer to the joint. We can move our forearms much faster but we cannot lift as much as a bear

49
Q

What anatomical difference in chimps and apes results in their waddle-like gait when walking bipedally?

A

Their small gluteal musculature is not in the same place as ours, so in order to stabilize themselves they have to center their weight on either leg with each respective step

50
Q

60% of the gait sequence is spent in what phase?

A

Stance (majority of which is double support, divided evenly between right and left foot forward)

51
Q

40% of the gait sequence is spent in what phase?

A

Swing

Swing phase occurs during single support stance phase

52
Q

According to Dr. Wright, what are the most important muscles for habitually bipedal gait?

A

Small gluteal muscles located laterally on the ilia

53
Q

What is the term for the pathological gait in humans that appears similar to the great apes? This occurs when the small gluteal muscles do not function normally and the person rocks from side to side while walking

A

Trendelenburg’s sign

54
Q

What are the 4 primary differences between the male and female pelvis?

A

The female pelvis has:

More obtuse angle of the subpubic arch

Straighter sacra (males is more curved)

Wider greater sciatic notch

More steep femoral angle

55
Q

The femoral angle is an example of what type of lever system?

A

First-class

56
Q

The mandible is an example of what type of lever system?

A

Third-class

57
Q

How has the mandible become more efficient in modern humans?

A

The face has become shorter, allowing the muscles of mastication to work closer to the teeth

58
Q

What is Greave’s triangle of support?

A

The jaw is actually 2 third class levers attached anteriorly

To avoid separation of the TMJ, the resultant of all muscle force vectors must stay within the triangle of support (which is made between where the animal is biting and its 2 TMJs)

Anatomy II Exam 1: Lectures 1-8 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions