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259 - physiology > lecture16: volumes part 2 > Flashcards

lecture16: volumes part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how is measurement of pulmunary dimensionsn and lung functions usually done

A

done with a water-filled spirometer or electronic

spirometer

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2
Q

what does proper evaluation of measured values of pulm dimensions and lung functions require

A

comparison to the expected value

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3
Q

pulmonary function scores associated closely with what

A

stature and age

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4
Q

since Pulmonary function scores associate closely with stature and age, this enables the two values to predict what

A

the expected

average lung function value for an individual

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5
Q

what are the 4 static pulmonary volumes

A

1) tidal vol
2) inspiratory resevre volume
3) expiratory reserve volume
4) residual volume

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6
Q

what is tidal volume

A

volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

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7
Q

is the tidal vol high or low and why

A

low (only about 0.5L exhaled every cycle) beacuse we dont need a lot of oxygen at rest

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8
Q

which static pulmonary volume is associated with volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath

A

tidal volume

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9
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra volume of air that can be forcefully inspired over and above VT.

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10
Q

wha=ich static pulmomary volume is assocaited with extra volume of air
that can be forcefully inspired over and above VT.

A

inspiratory reserve volume

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11
Q

what is expiratory reseve volume

A

maximum extra volume of air that can be forcefully expired over and
above VT

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12
Q

which static pulmonary volume is associated with maximum extra
volume of air that can be forcefully expired over and
above VT

A

expiratory reserve volume

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13
Q

what is residual volume

A

volume of air remaining in lungs

after forceful expiration.

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14
Q

which static pulmonary volume is associated with volume of air remaining in lungs
after forceful expiration.

A

residual volume

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15
Q

be able to recorgnize/understand the static pulm volume graphs

A

.

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16
Q

is RV higher in males or females

A

males because larger lungs

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17
Q

what is the relationship between RV and age

A

RV increases with age

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18
Q

BLANK allows an uninterupted exchange of gas between the blood and alveoli

A

residual long volume

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19
Q

residual volume Allows an uninterrupted exchange of gas between the
blood and alveoli to prevent what

A

fluctuations in blood gases

during phases of the breathing cycle

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20
Q

how can residual volume increase temporarily

A

Residual lung volume temporarily increases from an acute

bout of either short-term or prolonged exercise

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21
Q

what is the reason that RV temporarily increases from an acute
bout of either short-term or prolonged exercise

A

closure of the small peripheral airways

increase in thoracic blood volume

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22
Q

what are the 4 pulmonary capacities

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC)
functional residual capacity (FRC)
forced vital capacity (FVC)
total lung capacity (TLC)

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23
Q

whta is inspiratory capacity

A

Inspiratory capacity (IC): maximum amount of air that can be inspired from end of normal expiration (= VT +IRV)

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24
Q

what is the formular for inspiratory capacity

A

IC = VT + IRV

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25
Q

what is functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration (= ERV + RV).

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26
Q

what is the formula for fucntional residual capacity

A

(= ERV + RV).

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27
Q

which pulm capacity is associated with amount of air remaining in lungs after normal expiration (= ERV + RV).

A

functional residual caapctiy

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28
Q

which pulmonary capacity is assocaited iwth maximum amount of air that can be inspired from end of normal expiration (= VT +IRV)

A

inspiratory capacity

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29
Q

what is forced vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can be forcefully inspired and expired (= IRV + VT+
ERV).

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30
Q

what is the formula for vital capacity

A

= IRV + VT+ ERV).

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31
Q

which pulmonary capacity is associated with maximum amount of air
that can be forcefully inspired and expired (= IRV + VT+
ERV).

A

forced vital capacity

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32
Q

what is total lung capacity

A

maximum amount of air comprised in the lungs (= IRV + VT + ERV + RV).

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33
Q

what is the formula for total lung capacity

A

(= IRV + VT + ERV + RV).

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34
Q

what pulmonary capacity is associated with maximum amount of air comprised in the lungs (= IRV + VT + ERV + RV).

A

total lung capcity

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35
Q

what are pulmonary capacities

A

combination of volumes

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36
Q

knnow/understand the graphs of pulmonary capacites

A

.

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37
Q

true or false: the volume subdivisions do not overlap

A

true

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38
Q

when you add all the 4 volume subdivisions, what do you get

A

total lung capacity

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39
Q

lung capacities are subdivisions of what

A

total volume that include two or more of the 4 basic lung volumes

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40
Q

what are the two things that dynamic ventilation depends on

A
  1. Maximum “stroke volume” of the lungs (FVC)

2. Speed of moving a volume of air (breathing rate)

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41
Q

what is speed of moving a vol of air (breathing rate) determined by

A

Determined by lung compliance, or the resistance of the
respiratory passages to air and the “stiffness” imposed by
the chest and lung

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42
Q

forced expirattory volume is measured over how long

A

1 second

43
Q

what indicates pulmonary airflow capacity

A

FEV/FVC

44
Q

what is pulmonary airflow capaity

A

how powerfully we can exhale air (helps diagnose breathing issues)

45
Q

what does pulmonary airflow capacity refelct

A

Reflects pulmonary expiratory power and overall resistance to air movement upstream in the lungs

46
Q

what is the normal forced expiratory volume in healthy indicauls

A

85%

47
Q

the delineation point for airway obstruction is BLANK

A

equal to

70% or less

48
Q

what is the problem fir exhalation with bronchial asthma

A

harder because you are going from an increased surface area to a lower one (because of obstructed bronchioles
=more resistance, harder to expire volume

49
Q

if you have bronchial assthma fo you exhale fast or slow

A

slow

50
Q

if you have pulmonary fibrosis, do you exhale fast or slow

A

fast

51
Q

what is the problem with restircive pulmonary fibrosis

A

it can lead to inhalation problems because you are not good at expanding lungs (small lung volume) so you exhale fast

52
Q

what are you testing in maximum voluntary ventilation

A

testing respiratory muscles = endurance test

53
Q

what does max voluntary ventilation evaluate

A

ventilatory capacity w rapid and deep breathing for 15 seconds (extrapolated to the volume if the subject continuted for 1 min)

54
Q

does exercise maximally stress how a healthy person breath?

A

no

55
Q

exercise training of ventilatory muscles improves what

A

their strength and endurance

56
Q

what does exercise training of ventilatory muscles increase

A 
increases inspiratory muscle
function and maximum voluntary ventilation
57
Q

compared to men, women have a larger or smaller lung volume

A

smaller

58
Q

compared t men, women have a larger or smaller diffusion surface

A

smaller

59
Q

true or false: compared to men, women have a reduced static lung function measure only

A

false, also dynamic

60
Q

what does the fact that women have reduced lung size and airway diameter, a smaller diffusion surface and static and dynamic lung function measures lead to

A

expiratory flow limitations, greater respiratory muscle work and use of ventilatory reserve during maximal exercise, particularly in highly trained women

61
Q

A smaller lung volume plus a high expiratory flow rate in trained women during intense
exercise places considerable demand on what

A

the maximum flow–volume envelope of the
airways, adversely
=affecting how they maintain alveolar-to-arterial oxygen exchange

62
Q

true or false: Regular endurance exercise stimulates large
increases in the functional capacity of the pulmonary
system

A

false it does not

63
Q

dynamic lung function tests indicate the severity of what

A

obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

64
Q

Dynamic lung function tests indicate the severity of obstructive and restrictive lung diseases, but provide little information about what

A

aerobic fitness or exercise performance when values fall within the normal range

65
Q

respiraotry system IS/IS NOT a limiting factor for aerobic exercise

A

IS NOT

66
Q

what is minute ventilation

A

the vol of air breathed each minute

67
Q

what is the formula for minute ventilation

A 
Minute ventilation (V·E) = Breathing rate (12 bpm) X tidal volume
(0.5 L)
68
Q

how can minute ventilation be increased

A

Can be increased by an increase in the rate or depth or both

69
Q

Breathing rate can increase to BLANK during strenuous
exercise in healthy young adults and BLANK in some
elite endurance athletes

A

35-45 breaths/min

60/70 breaths/min

70
Q

tidal vols for trained and untrained individuals rarely exceed what

A

60% of vital capacity

71
Q

In moderate exercise, well-trained athletes maintain

alveolar ventilation how ?

A

by increasing tidal volume with only a small increase in breathing rate

72
Q

As breathing becomes deeper during exercise, alveolar ventilation
increases from what to what

A

70% at rest to more than 85% of the exercise ventilation

73
Q

each person develops their own style of breathing where what 2 things blend to provide effective alveolar ventilation

A

breathing rate and tidal volume

74
Q

is modyfing breathing during PA a good idea>

A

no, Attempts to modify breathing during running or other
general physical activities offer no benefit to exercise
performance

75
Q

know slide 25

A

.

76
Q

what is ventilation-perfusion ration

A

The ratio of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary blood flow

77
Q

at rest how much air ventilates the alvelop each minute and blood through the capillary ~

A

4.2 L of air ventilates the alveoli each minute at rest
and ~5.0 L of blood flows through the pulmonary
capillaries

78
Q

what does the average ventilation perfusion ration ewual

A

0.84 Matchese each litaeral of pulm blood flow

79
Q

in light exercise, does the VP ration change much

A

no not really

80
Q

in intese exercise, does VP ratio change

A

yes goes to about 5 L

81
Q

what is anatomical dead space

A

Volume of air that fills all anatomical structures of the
respiratory system that are not directly involved in gas
exchange

82
Q

does all tthe inspired tidal volume at rest enter and mix into existing alveolar air

A

no only about 350/500 ml

83
Q

what is alveolar ventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation is the portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas

84
Q

what does alveolar ventilation determine

A

the gaseous concentration at the alveoalr capillary membrane

85
Q

is anatomical dead space a waste>

A

no it mixes gas and blood gas to combat extreme pressure differences

86
Q

what is the physiological dead space

A

The portion of the alveolar volume with a ventilation– perfusion ratio that approaches zero

87
Q

why do we get a physiological dead space in the alveoli

A

because Sometimes the alveoli may not function adequately in gas
exchange

88
Q

why is it that Sometimes the alveoli may not function adequately in gas
exchange

A

because of:
• Underperfusion of blood
• Inadequate ventilation relative to the alveolar surface

89
Q

in certain pathological sitauations physioolic dead spaces increase to what percentage of tidal volume

A

50%

90
Q

is there every a point where adequate gas exchange becomes impossible?

A

ues Adequate gas exchange becomes impossible when
the dead space of the lung exceeds 60% of total lung
volume

91
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

An increase in pulmonary ventilation that
exceeds the O2 consumption and CO2 elimination needs of
metabolism

92
Q

what is dyspnea

A

An inordinate shortness of breath or subjective

distress in breathing

93
Q

what is valsava maneuver

A

Closing the glottis following a full
inspiration while maximally activating the expiratory
muscles, creating compressive forces that increase
intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure

94
Q

what does the valsava maneuver create

A

creating compressive forces that increase

intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure

95
Q

when does valsava maneuver commonly occur

A

commonly in activities that require a rapid, maximum

application of force of short duration

96
Q

what is the consequence of performing a prolongued valsava maneuver (during static and straining typw execrise)

A

dramatically reduces venous return and arterial blood pressure

97
Q

what does reduced venous return in valsava maneuver diminish?

A

This diminishes the brain’s blood supply, often producing dizziness
or fainting

98
Q

what happens once the glottis opens and intrathoracic pressure normalizes after valsava

A

blood flow reestablishes with an “overshoot” in arterial blood
pressure

99
Q

does valsava cause relatively large increases in BP during heavy resistance exercise

A

no

100
Q

what do heavy resistance execiseres do

A

these exercises greatly increase resistance to blood flow in active muscle with a resulting rise in blood pressure

101
Q

why is it that cold ambient air normally not damge the respiratory passages

A

because of airway warming

102
Q

the airway warming of the respiratory tract during cold greatly increases the capaicty to do what

A

increases its capacity to hold moisture, which produces

considerable water loss from the respiratory passages

103
Q

in cold weather, the respiratory tract loses what

A

loses considerable water and

heat, especially during strenuous exercise

104
Q

what does fluid loss from the airways contribute to

A

contributes to dehydration, dry
mouth, burning sensation in the throat, and generalized
irritation of the respiratory passages

259 - physiology (21 decks)

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