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259 - physiology > lecture15: volumes capacites and ventilation part 1 > Flashcards

lecture15: volumes capacites and ventilation part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation

A

the process by which air is

moved into the lungs

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2
Q

whatt is external respiration

A

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood (oxygen from ambient air to lungs)

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3
Q

what is internal respiration

A

the exchange of gases at the cellular level (oxygen in tissue cells from blood)

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4
Q

what is cellular respiratiton

A

the utilization of oxygen by the cells to produce energy

oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

what is the defintion of oxidative phosphyrlization

A

overall process of controlled oxidation of metabolites for

production of useful energy

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6
Q

pulm ventilation is the process of movign and exchanging what air

A

moving and exchanginng ambient air with air in the lungs

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7
Q

how does air enter

A

air enters the nose and mouth and trachae

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8
Q

what happens to air i nthe trachea

A

trachea and adjusts to body
temperature, is filtered and
humidified

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9
Q

what is the process of air movement

A 
nose and mouth
trachea (warmed, moistened, filtered)
two bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
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10
Q

ventilatory system is subdivided into what two zones

A

1) conducting zone

2) Transitional and respiratory zones

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11
Q

what structures make up the conduction zones

A

trachea and terminal bronchiles

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12
Q

what is the functions of the conducting zones

A 
Air transport, 
humidification, 
warming, 
particle
filtration, 
vocalization, 
immunoglobulin secretion
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13
Q

whatt are the structures pf transitional and respiratory zones

A

bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli

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14
Q

what are the functions of transitional and respiratory zone

A 
Gas exchange, 
surfactant production, 
molecule
activation and inactivation, 
blood clotting regulation, and
endocrine function
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15
Q

how many generations are there in the respiratory tract

A

23 generations

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16
Q

in the conducting zones there is no gas exchange or there is gas excahnge

A

no gas exchange

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17
Q

in the transitional and respiratory zones, is there any gas excahnge

A

yes

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18
Q

the smaller the bronchioles, the smaller or larger the SA

A

larger SA

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19
Q

as airway generation icnreases, what happens to the total CSA

A

it icnreases

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20
Q

what provides the gas exchange surface that seperates blood from the surrounding alveolar gaseous environment

A

lungs

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21
Q

lungs provide the gas exhange surface that seperates what

A

blood from the surrounding alveolar gaseous environment

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22
Q

in the lungs, oxygen transfers from where to where

A

alveolar air into alveolar capillary blood

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23
Q

in the lungs CO2 moves into where

A

into the alveoli and then in to the ambient air

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24
Q

an avg sized adult lungs weights how much

A

1kg

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25
Q

An average-sized adult’s lungs

has a volume of BLANK

A

4-6 L

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26
Q

truw or false: the lung is mostly made from solid tissue

A

false, only about 10% of solid tossue and the rest is filled with air and blood

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27
Q

what governs the diffusion of gas across a fluid membrane

A

ficks law of diffusion

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28
Q

ficks law states that a gas diffuses through a sheet of tissue at a
rate: (2 reasons)

A
  1. Directly proportional to the tissue area, a diffusion constant,
    and the pressure differential of the gas on each side of the
    membrane
  2. Inversely proportional to tissue thickness
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29
Q

level of gas exchange happens where

A

at the level of the alveoli

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30
Q

if there is a large SA, there is a larger or decrease diffusion

A

increase diffusion

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31
Q

how does tissue thickness icnrease

A

smoking

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32
Q

what is the problem with smoking

A

it increase tissue thickness which makes it harder for gas to f=diffuse into tthe lungs

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33
Q

if the tissue thickness is larger, is it harder or easier to diffuse and trtansport gas

A

harder

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34
Q

there are more tthan 600 mil alveoli that provude the surface for what

A

gas exhchange between lung tissue and blood

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35
Q

what receives the largest blood supply of all the organs

A

alveoli

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36
Q

what is the only organ that receives the full stroke volume

A

lung

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37
Q

why does having so many alveoli make gas exchange easier

A

it increase the possible surface area for exhacnge

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38
Q

explain why av VO2 is not a limitinng factor for CO

A

becaue as long as you can bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs, gas exchange can happen

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39
Q

capilarries and alveoli lie side by side with the surface as thin as possible to facilitate what

A

rapid exchange of gasses

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40
Q

how many membranes does gas need to pass through

A

5 membanres

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41
Q

what disperses surfactant

A

pores of kahn

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42
Q

pores of kohn within alveoli evenly disperse what

A

surfactant

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43
Q

Pores of Kohn within alveoli evenly disperse surfactant

over where and what is the function

A

respiratory membranes to reduce surface tension

for easier alveolar inflation

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44
Q

resistance to expansionn of the lunng cavity and alveoli increases when and why

A

during inspiration from tthe effect of surface tension

45
Q

during inspiration, what happens to the resistance of the lungs because of the effect of surface tension

A

Resistance to expansion of the lung cavity and alveoli increases

46
Q

what is surfactant

A

Surfactant consists of a mixture of phospholipids,
proteins, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial
cells that reduces surface tension

47
Q

surfacttanst reduced the energy required for whatt

A

for alveolar inflationn and deflation

48
Q

what causes the lungs to adhere to tthe chest wall and follow itst cevery movement

A

The pressure differential between the air in the lungs and

the lung–chest wall interface

49
Q

The pressure differential between the air in the lungs and

the lung–chest wall interface causes the lungs to BLANK

A

adhere to

the chest wall and follow its every movement

50
Q

what are tthe ttwo factors that affect to the movement of air innto the lungs from the atmosphere

A

pressure gradient

resistance

51
Q

what is the relationship between pressure gradient and resistance and movement of air

A

V=diff in pressure (diff b/w air around vs air in lugns) /resitance

52
Q

during isnpiration does the diapragm contract or relax

A

cotnracts

53
Q

durinng innspiration what happens to the diagphram

A

contrtacts, flatten, and mvoes downwards towarrds the abdominnal cavity

54
Q

what happens to the chest cavity during inspiration and what does that cause

A

Elongation and enlargement of the chest cavity expands the air in
the lungs, causing its intrapulmonary pressure to decrease to
slightly below atmospheric pressure

55
Q

during inspiration, does the intrapulmonary pressure increase or decrease

A

decreases to slighttly below athmospheric pressure

56
Q

lungs inflate as the nose and mouth do what

A

suck in air

57
Q

when does inspiration finish

A

causing
equality between intrapulmonary
and ambient atmospheric pressurewhen thoracic cavity expansion ceases

58
Q

what is the pressure relationship during inspirtation

A

intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure

59
Q

what is the pressure relationship at the end of inspiration

A

equaility bettween intrapulmonary and ambient atmospheric pressure

60
Q

whAT DOES boyle law state

A

Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely
related to its volume (or vice versa) under conditions of
constant temperature:

61
Q

low pressure is assocaited with BLANK volume

A

large volume

62
Q

high pressure is associated with BLANk volume

A

small

63
Q

if you increase the volume in the lungs, the pressure decreases and that causes you to inhale or exhale

A

inhale

64
Q

during exercise what muscles contract to cause the ribs to rotate and lift up and away from the body

A

scaleni and external intercostal

65
Q

during extecise, the scaleni and external intercostal muscles between the ribs contact causing the ribs to what…

A

rotate and lift up and away from the bod y

66
Q

inspiratory action increases during exercise how?

A

when the diaphragm descends, the ribs swing upward, and the sternum thrusts outward

67
Q

why does bending at the waist facilitate breathing following exercise

A

Promotes blood flow back
to the heart

Minimizes antagonistic effects of gravity on the usual upward direction
of inspiratory movements
=blood moves closer/spreads to facilitate gas exchange

68
Q

the lower the diaphragm goes, the more or less air enters

A

more

69
Q

explain the relationship between volume and pressure during inhalation

A

increase volume in thoracci cage
decrease pressure in lungs
=more ai rinto the system (inhales)

70
Q

During rest and light exercise, air moves out of the lungs

through a passive process resulting from:

A

Natural recoil of the stretched lung tissue and relaxation of the
inspiratory muscles

71
Q

explain the relationship between volume and pressure during exhalation

A

decrease volume
increase pressiure
=exhale against ambient pressure

72
Q

during exhalation, does the diaphram rise or lower

A

rise

73
Q

during exhalation what happens to ribs and sternum

A

sternum and ribs drop

74
Q

during exhalation, the chest cavity volume decrases which does what to alverolar air

A

compressing alveolar gas so airmoves from respiratory tract to atmosphere

75
Q

when does exhalattion end

A

Ends when the compressive force of
expiratory muscles ceases and intrapulmonary
pressure decreases to atmospheric pressure

76
Q

and the end of exhaltion is there a higher or lower intrapulmonary pressure in comparison to ambient pressure

A

neither, equal

77
Q

what do the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles do to the ribs and abdominal cavity

A

act forcefully on the ribs and abdominal cavity to reduce thoracic dimensions

78
Q

by reducing the dimensions of tthe thoracic cage during expiration during exercise, what does that do tto exhalation

A

exhalation becomes more rapid and extension

79
Q

what is lung compliance

A

extent to which lungs expand for each unit of increase in transpulmonary (pleural) pressure.

80
Q

what is the Measure of lung’s opposition (resistance) to inflation.

A

lung compliance

81
Q

what is the compliance lung formula

A

compliance = change in volume/ change in pressure

82
Q

elastic forces of the lungs are divided into what 2 parts

A

Elastic forces of lung tissue itself (rubber band effect=stretch and recoil)

Elastic forces caused by surface tension of fluid that
lines inside walls of alveoli

83
Q

what are the elastic forces of the lung tissue determined mainly by

A

Determined mainly by elastin and collagen fibers interwoven among
lung parenchyma

84
Q

when lungs are expanded what happens to the elastin and collagen

A

stretched

85
Q

elastic forces of the lung tissues are the force that acts to resist what

A

distension/inflatiion

86
Q

elstic forces of the lung tissue account for BLANK of the total elastic forces for returnign lung to natureal state

A

1/3

87
Q

what is the surface tension of the alveoli caused by

A

Caused by attraction between alveolar lining fluid and the air in the
alveoli

88
Q

true or false: elastic forces of the lung are the only force that acts to resist distention.inflationn

A

false, also surface tension of the alveoli

89
Q

surface tension of the alveoli account for BLANK of the total elastic forces for returning lung to natural state

A

2/3

90
Q

what is the effect of surfactant o nsurface tension

A

Part of the surfactant molecule dissolves while the remainder
spreads over the surface of the water in the alveoli.

Prevents collapse of the alveoli.

91
Q

the surface tension on the alveoli prodcues a force that is directed in or outwards

A

inwards towards the center of the alverolus and creates a pressure

92
Q

what is the laplace law for alverolus orssure

A

pressure= 2x surface tension/radius

93
Q

surfacant increases or decreases sufrace tension

A

decreases

94
Q

true or false: Thoracic cage has its own elastic characteristics

A

true

95
Q

compliance of the total pulm system is made up of what structures

A

lungs and thoracic cage

96
Q

pressure needed to inflate total pulmonary system is higher or lower than the pressure needed to inflate the lungs alone

A

2x higher needed to inflate total

97
Q

the compliace of the entire pump system is higher or lower than the complace of the lungs alone

A

about 1’2 lower

98
Q

is it easier to inflate the lungs or thoracic cageq

A

lungs

99
Q

work of breathing can be divided into what 3 parts

A

1) Compliance or elastic work
2. Tissue resistance work
3. Airway resistance work

100
Q

what is the compliance or elastic work

A

– Work required to expand lungs against lung and chest elastic
forces

101
Q

what is the greatest source of resistance in work of breathing

A

compliance/elastic work

102
Q

what is the tissue resistance work

A

– Work required to overcome viscosity of chest wall structures

103
Q

does the tissue resistance work take a large or small percegante of taotal work

A

smal l

104
Q

viscous/dense tissue is less or more elastic

A

less

105
Q

what is airway resistance work

A

Work required to overcome airway resistance to movement of air
into the lungs

106
Q

what is the airway resistance work during heavy breathing/exercise

A

– During heavy breathing, great volumes of airflow through bronchi
at high velocities; requires greater % of airway resistance work to
overcome increased airway resistance

107
Q

why is exhaling air harder

A

exhalation is harder because air goes from a large SA (all the alveoli, brinchioles etc) to smaller and smaller surface area (trachae)
=increase resistance

108
Q

true or false” inhaling goes from low to high pressure the further away from trahce

A

false it goes from high to low

259 - physiology (21 decks)

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