Lecture1: Anatomical terms,regions, bones, muscles & nerves Flashcards
-The study of a structure and the relationships among structures.
-In human relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart)
Anatomy
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
Surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy
What are the several major regions identified in the body?
Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs
A standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.
Anatomical position
What is proper anatomical position?
-Body standing upright
-Standing erect facing the observer
-Head and eyes facing forward
-Feet flat on the floor and forward
-upper limbs to the sides
-palms turned forward
Body is lying face down
Prone
Body is lying face up
Supine
Side-lying position
Recumbant or Decubitus
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into equal right and left sides.
Midsagittal Plane
Divides the body into unequal right and left sides.
Parasagittal plane
Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.
Frontal/Coronal Plane
Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.
Transverse Plane (A.K.A: cross-sectional/horizontal plane)
Passes through the body or an organ at an angle. (between the transverse and sagittal plane; between transverse and frontal plane)
Oblique Plane
Describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.
Superficial/Intermediate/Deep
Describes the structure being closer to the midline of the body. (ex: Pinky/5th digit)
Medial
Describes the structure being further from the midline (ex: thumb or little toe)
Lateral
Describes the structure being closer to the front of the body (ex: the nose, palms)
Anterior or Ventral
Describes the structure being closer to the back.(ex: heel, spine)
Posterior or Dorsal
Anterior portion of the hand is called?
Palmar
Posterior portion of the hand is called?
Dorsum
Top of the foot is called?
Dorsum
Bottom of the foot is called?
Plantar
Describes structures being closer to the head.
Superior or Cephalad (cranial)
Describes structures being closer to the origin or trunk.
Proximal
Describes the structure being further from the origin or trunk.
Distal
On the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
On the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
Both sides of the body
Bilateral
One side of the body
Unilateral
Describes structures being further from the head, toward the feet.
Inferior (Caudal)
Bending the body part or decreasing the angle of the body part
Flexion
Straightening the body part or increasing the angle of the body part
Extension
Moving away from the median plane
Abduction
Moving towards the median plane
Adduction
Movement around the long axis (medial/internal or lateral/external)
Rotation
Combination of movements which includes: flexion, extension, adduction abduction
Circumduction
Moving the structure anteriorly/forward
Protraction
Moving the structure posteriorly/backward
Retraction
Raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)
Elevation
Lowering the structure caudally (inferiorly)
Depression
The forearm is rotated laterally (palm up)
Supination
The forearm is rotated medially (pam down)
Pronation
Adduction of the wrist
Ulnar deviation
Abduction of the wrist
Radial deviation
Plantar surface of the foot moves laterally
Eversion
Plantar surface of the foot moves medially
Inversion
Bending the ankle towards the shin
Dorsiflexion
Bending the ankle towards the posterior/back of the body
Plantar flexion
Central core of the skeletal system; 80 bones, and lie along the longitudinal axis
Axial Skeleton
Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. 126 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton
Functions of the skeletal system include:
-Protection for vital structures
-Support the body and its vital cavities
-Movement
-Mineral deposition(storage for salts)
-Blood element production
-Energy storage (yellow marrow has adipose cells that can be used for energy)
Cartilage and its role (costal and articular):
-The skeletal system is composed of cartilage and bones
-Cartilage is semi-rigid and is found where flexibility is required (costal ridge and ribs)
Types of cartilage:
-Hyaline (joints)
-Elastic (ear)
-Fibrocartilage (discs of spine column)
A superficial thin layer of bone that provides strength for weight bearing; a larger portion is found at the end of bones.
Compact Bone
Found deep to the compact bones and superficial to the marrow cavity if present, contains many small spaces.
Spongy/cancellous/trabecular Bone
Bone with greater length than width:
Long
Bone that’s almost cubed shaped and is nearly equal in length and width.
Short
Thin bones
Flat
Variable shape bones
Irregular
Bones that develop in tendons (patella)
Sesamoid
In joint between skull bones
Sutural Bones
The end of the long bone:
Epiphysis
The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
Metaphysis
The shaft of the long bone:
Diaphysis
In adults, this is a remnant line where the growth plate was in the child or developing bone:
Epiphyseal Plate
Rounded projection at the end of the bone, articulates with base of adjacent bone:
Head
Supports head in articulation:
Neck
Large rounded protuberance at the end of bone:
Condyle
Groove at the end of the bone-houses moveable tendon:
Trochlea
Smooth flat articular surface:
Facet
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of the bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.
Fissure
Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.
Foramen
Shallow depression:
Fossa
Furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve or tendon:
Sulcus
Tubelike opening:
Meatus
Smooth flat articular surface:
Facet
Prominent ridge or elongated projection:
Crest
Long narrow ridge or border
Line (Linea)
Sharp, slender projection
Spinous process
Very large projection
Trochanter
Small, rounded projection:
Tubercle
Large, rounded, usually roughened projection:
Tuberosity
Arthrology =
Joint
Syndesmology =
Ligaments
Joint that’s held together by fibrous connective tissue:
Fibrous
Joint held together by Cartilage
Carilaginous
Many structures involved in holding the joint together
Synovial
Little to no movement
Synarthrosis
Some movement
Amphiarthrosis
Freely moveable
Diarthrosis
What are the types of fibrous joints and their functions?
Suture: found between the bones of the skull, no movement is produced (synarthrodial joint)
Syndesmosis: 2 bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue, some movements will be found, known as amphiarthrodial joints (between the ulna and radius or fibula and tibia)
Gomphosis: The joint between a tooth and its socket (alveolus), no movement (synarthrodial joint)
Types of cartilaginous joints and their functions?
Synchondrosis: Primary cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Often called a temporary joint because it solidifies with age.
Symphysis: secondary cartilaginous joint because bones are formed by fibrocartilage (amphiarthrodial joint)
Types of synovial Joints:
-Ball and socket
-Ellipsoid
-Saddle
-Hinge
-Pivot
Synovial joint components:
-Synovial membrane
-Synovial cavity
-Synovial fluid
-Articular cartilage
-Accessory ligaments
Additional structures:
-Intra-articular discs: Fibrocartilaginous discs found at joints under high stress
-Menisci:Fibrocartilaginous disc found between femur and tibia
-2 relatively flat surfaces articulating together
-Allows gliding and sliding motions
-Has 1 degree of freedom (uni-axial movement)
Planar Synovial Joint
-similar to door hinge
-Cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove
-Allows for 1 degree of freedom (uni-axial movement)
Hinge Synovial Joint
-A projection fitting into a ring (ring usually formed by ligament)
-Allows for 1 degree of freedom (uni-axial)
Pivot synovial Joint
-An oval-shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole (wrist joint)
-Allows for 2 degrees of freedom (Bi-axial movement; flexion/extension & adduction/abduction)
Condyloid Synovial Joint
-The opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex (1st carpometacarpal joint)
-Allows for 2 degrees of freedom (bi-axial movement;flexion/extension & adduction/abduction)
Saddle Synovial Joint
-A spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket (glenohumoral joint)
-Allows for 3 degrees of movement (Tri-axial movement; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, & rotation)
Ball and socket Synovial Joint
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone, participates in the stabilization of a joint and limits certain movements.
Ligaments
Blends in with the joint capsule, or a thickening of the joint capsule; enhance strength of capsule
Capsular Ligaments
Separate from the joint capsule but stabilize the joint in close proximity to the capsule
Extracapsular Ligaments
Are found within joint capsules, reinforce the connection between articulating surfaces.
Intracapsular Ligaments
Where do joints receive their blood supply?
Articular arteries within the joint capsule
Where are the nerve endings found in the joints?
Joint Capsule
Joints provide sensory information to the brain about what?
Proprioception via proprioceptive receptors (awareness of joint position)
Do Joints have pain receptors?
Yes, however not all structures in a joint will be pain sensitive
Muscle that’s primarily attached to bones, skin, & fascia. Voluntary. Supplied by motor and sensory nerves.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
The muscle that forms the walls of the heart. Involuntary.
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Located in the walls of the organs (viscera). Involuntary.
Smooth (visceral) Muscle Tissue
What muscles of the body make up the muscular system?
Skeletal Muscle (voluntarily controlled muscles)
What are the motors of the muscular system?
Muscles
Point where the muscle attaches to a bone or another muscle, nd is usually not moved by contraction of a muscle.
Origin
The point at which the muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle. Moves upon contraction.
Insertion
Fleshy portion of the muscle in between attachment sites:
Belly
The muscle contracts, produces force, but no gross movement of the muscle occurs (stability)
Isometric
The muscle shortens while contracting, producing acceleration of the body segments.
Concentric
The muscle lengthens while contracting. Decelerate body segments and provide shock absorption, such as when landing from a jump.
Eccentric
Principle muscle produces a joint motion or maintains posture. Always contracts actively to produce a concentric, isometric, or eccentric contraction.
Agonist/prime mover
The muscle that has the opposite anatomical action of the agonist. Passively elongates or shortens to permit motion to occur.
Antagonist
The muscle contracts at the same time as the agonist.
Synergist
Muscles that are active isometrically to keep a limb from moving when the agonist muscle contracts.
Stabilizer/fixator/supporter
How are skeletal muscles named?
-direction of fibers
-size
-shape
-action
-number of origins
-location of muscle
-sites of origin and insertion
A cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone, or to skin, or to another muscle.
Tendon
A tendon that extends as a broad, flat layer.
Aponeurosis
Tube-like structure made by connective tissue that wraps around the tendons of the muscles at wrists and ankles where many tendons come together in a confined space.
Tendon Sheaths
Loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin. It is homologous to the hypoderm in the skin. It contains the superficial veins and sensory nerves.
Superficial Fascia
Dense irregular connective tissue under the superficial fascia that wraps the body. It is well defined in the limbs.
Deep fascia
Nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels and if it is painful.
Sensory nerves
Nerves that allow the brain to stimulate muscle contraction. Exclusively contains the axons of the neurons which innervate skeletal muscles or glands.
Motor Nerves
The nerves that generally refer to the mixed sensory and motor spinal nerves, that come out of the spinal cord. They innervate most of the skeletal muscles in our body.
Spinal Nerves
The nerves that emerge directly from the brain. (sensory and motor nerve fibers) Innervates some of the head and neck muscles.
Cranial Nerves
