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MSK 100 test 1 > Lecture1: Anatomical terms,regions, bones, muscles & nerves > Flashcards

Lecture1: Anatomical terms,regions, bones, muscles & nerves Flashcards

1
Q

-The study of a structure and the relationships among structures.
-In human relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart)

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

A

Surface anatomy, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, radiographic anatomy, developmental anatomy

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3
Q

What are the several major regions identified in the body?

A

Head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, lower limbs

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4
Q

A standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

A

Anatomical position

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5
Q

What is proper anatomical position?

A

-Body standing upright
-Standing erect facing the observer
-Head and eyes facing forward
-Feet flat on the floor and forward
-upper limbs to the sides
-palms turned forward

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6
Q

Body is lying face down

A

Prone

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7
Q

Body is lying face up

A

Supine

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8
Q

Side-lying position

A

Recumbant or Decubitus

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9
Q

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

A

Sagittal Plane

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10
Q

Divides the body into equal right and left sides.

A

Midsagittal Plane

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11
Q

Divides the body into unequal right and left sides.

A

Parasagittal plane

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12
Q

Divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.

A

Frontal/Coronal Plane

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13
Q

Divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions.

A

Transverse Plane (A.K.A: cross-sectional/horizontal plane)

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14
Q

Passes through the body or an organ at an angle. (between the transverse and sagittal plane; between transverse and frontal plane)

A

Oblique Plane

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15
Q

Describes depth of the structure in relation to the surface of the body.

A

Superficial/Intermediate/Deep

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16
Q

Describes the structure being closer to the midline of the body. (ex: Pinky/5th digit)

A

Medial

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17
Q

Describes the structure being further from the midline (ex: thumb or little toe)

A

Lateral

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18
Q

Describes the structure being closer to the front of the body (ex: the nose, palms)

A

Anterior or Ventral

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19
Q

Describes the structure being closer to the back.(ex: heel, spine)

A

Posterior or Dorsal

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20
Q

Anterior portion of the hand is called?

A

Palmar

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21
Q

Posterior portion of the hand is called?

A

Dorsum

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22
Q

Top of the foot is called?

A

Dorsum

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23
Q

Bottom of the foot is called?

A

Plantar

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24
Q

Describes structures being closer to the head.

A

Superior or Cephalad (cranial)

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25
Q

Describes structures being closer to the origin or trunk.

A

Proximal

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26
Q

Describes the structure being further from the origin or trunk.

A

Distal

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27
Q

On the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

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28
Q

On the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

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29
Q

Both sides of the body

A

Bilateral

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30
Q

One side of the body

A

Unilateral

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31
Q

Describes structures being further from the head, toward the feet.

A

Inferior (Caudal)

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32
Q

Bending the body part or decreasing the angle of the body part

A

Flexion

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33
Q

Straightening the body part or increasing the angle of the body part

A

Extension

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34
Q

Moving away from the median plane

A

Abduction

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35
Q

Moving towards the median plane

A

Adduction

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36
Q

Movement around the long axis (medial/internal or lateral/external)

A

Rotation

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37
Q

Combination of movements which includes: flexion, extension, adduction abduction

A

Circumduction

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38
Q

Moving the structure anteriorly/forward

A

Protraction

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39
Q

Moving the structure posteriorly/backward

A

Retraction

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40
Q

Raising the structure cephalad (superiorly)

A

Elevation

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41
Q

Lowering the structure caudally (inferiorly)

A

Depression

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42
Q

The forearm is rotated laterally (palm up)

A

Supination

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43
Q

The forearm is rotated medially (pam down)

A

Pronation

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44
Q

Adduction of the wrist

A

Ulnar deviation

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45
Q

Abduction of the wrist

A

Radial deviation

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46
Q

Plantar surface of the foot moves laterally

A

Eversion

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47
Q

Plantar surface of the foot moves medially

A

Inversion

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48
Q

Bending the ankle towards the shin

A

Dorsiflexion

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49
Q

Bending the ankle towards the posterior/back of the body

A

Plantar flexion

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50
Q

Central core of the skeletal system; 80 bones, and lie along the longitudinal axis

A

Axial Skeleton

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51
Q

Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. 126 bones)

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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52
Q

Functions of the skeletal system include:

A

-Protection for vital structures
-Support the body and its vital cavities
-Movement
-Mineral deposition(storage for salts)
-Blood element production
-Energy storage (yellow marrow has adipose cells that can be used for energy)

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53
Q

Cartilage and its role (costal and articular):

A

-The skeletal system is composed of cartilage and bones
-Cartilage is semi-rigid and is found where flexibility is required (costal ridge and ribs)

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54
Q

Types of cartilage:

A

-Hyaline (joints)
-Elastic (ear)
-Fibrocartilage (discs of spine column)

55
Q

A superficial thin layer of bone that provides strength for weight bearing; a larger portion is found at the end of bones.

A

Compact Bone

56
Q

Found deep to the compact bones and superficial to the marrow cavity if present, contains many small spaces.

A

Spongy/cancellous/trabecular Bone

57
Q

Bone with greater length than width:

A

Long

58
Q

Bone that’s almost cubed shaped and is nearly equal in length and width.

A

Short

59
Q

Thin bones

A

Flat

60
Q

Variable shape bones

A

Irregular

61
Q

Bones that develop in tendons (patella)

A

Sesamoid

62
Q

In joint between skull bones

A

Sutural Bones

63
Q

The end of the long bone:

A

Epiphysis

64
Q

The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.

A

Metaphysis

65
Q

The shaft of the long bone:

A

Diaphysis

66
Q

In adults, this is a remnant line where the growth plate was in the child or developing bone:

A

Epiphyseal Plate

67
Q

Rounded projection at the end of the bone, articulates with base of adjacent bone:

A

Head

68
Q

Supports head in articulation:

A

Neck

69
Q

Large rounded protuberance at the end of bone:

A

Condyle

70
Q

Groove at the end of the bone-houses moveable tendon:

A

Trochlea

71
Q

Smooth flat articular surface:

A

Facet

72
Q

Narrow slit between adjacent parts of the bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass.

A

Fissure

73
Q

Opening through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass.

A

Foramen

74
Q

Shallow depression:

A

Fossa

75
Q

Furrow along a bone surface that accommodates a blood vessel, nerve or tendon:

A

Sulcus

76
Q

Tubelike opening:

A

Meatus

77
Q

Smooth flat articular surface:

A

Facet

78
Q

Prominent ridge or elongated projection:

A

Crest

79
Q

Long narrow ridge or border

A

Line (Linea)

80
Q

Sharp, slender projection

A

Spinous process

81
Q

Very large projection

A

Trochanter

82
Q

Small, rounded projection:

A

Tubercle

83
Q

Large, rounded, usually roughened projection:

A

Tuberosity

84
Q

Arthrology =

A

Joint

85
Q

Syndesmology =

A

Ligaments

86
Q

Joint that’s held together by fibrous connective tissue:

A

Fibrous

87
Q

Joint held together by Cartilage

A

Carilaginous

88
Q

Many structures involved in holding the joint together

A

Synovial

89
Q

Little to no movement

A

Synarthrosis

90
Q

Some movement

A

Amphiarthrosis

91
Q

Freely moveable

A

Diarthrosis

92
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints and their functions?

A

Suture: found between the bones of the skull, no movement is produced (synarthrodial joint)

Syndesmosis: 2 bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue, some movements will be found, known as amphiarthrodial joints (between the ulna and radius or fibula and tibia)

Gomphosis: The joint between a tooth and its socket (alveolus), no movement (synarthrodial joint)

93
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints and their functions?

A

Synchondrosis: Primary cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Often called a temporary joint because it solidifies with age.

Symphysis: secondary cartilaginous joint because bones are formed by fibrocartilage (amphiarthrodial joint)

94
Q

Types of synovial Joints:

A

-Ball and socket
-Ellipsoid
-Saddle
-Hinge
-Pivot

95
Q

Synovial joint components:

A

-Synovial membrane
-Synovial cavity
-Synovial fluid
-Articular cartilage
-Accessory ligaments

Additional structures:
-Intra-articular discs: Fibrocartilaginous discs found at joints under high stress
-Menisci:Fibrocartilaginous disc found between femur and tibia

96
Q

-2 relatively flat surfaces articulating together
-Allows gliding and sliding motions
-Has 1 degree of freedom (uni-axial movement)

A

Planar Synovial Joint

97
Q

-similar to door hinge
-Cylindrical surface fitting into a cylindrical groove
-Allows for 1 degree of freedom (uni-axial movement)

A

Hinge Synovial Joint

98
Q

-A projection fitting into a ring (ring usually formed by ligament)
-Allows for 1 degree of freedom (uni-axial)

A

Pivot synovial Joint

99
Q

-An oval-shaped projection fitting into an elliptical hole (wrist joint)
-Allows for 2 degrees of freedom (Bi-axial movement; flexion/extension & adduction/abduction)

A

Condyloid Synovial Joint

100
Q

-The opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave-convex (1st carpometacarpal joint)
-Allows for 2 degrees of freedom (bi-axial movement;flexion/extension & adduction/abduction)

A

Saddle Synovial Joint

101
Q

-A spherical surface fitting into a bowl-shaped socket (glenohumoral joint)
-Allows for 3 degrees of movement (Tri-axial movement; flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, & rotation)

A

Ball and socket Synovial Joint

102
Q

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone, participates in the stabilization of a joint and limits certain movements.

A

Ligaments

103
Q

Blends in with the joint capsule, or a thickening of the joint capsule; enhance strength of capsule

A

Capsular Ligaments

104
Q

Separate from the joint capsule but stabilize the joint in close proximity to the capsule

A

Extracapsular Ligaments

105
Q

Are found within joint capsules, reinforce the connection between articulating surfaces.

A

Intracapsular Ligaments

106
Q

Where do joints receive their blood supply?

A

Articular arteries within the joint capsule

107
Q

Where are the nerve endings found in the joints?

A

Joint Capsule

108
Q

Joints provide sensory information to the brain about what?

A

Proprioception via proprioceptive receptors (awareness of joint position)

109
Q

Do Joints have pain receptors?

A

Yes, however not all structures in a joint will be pain sensitive

110
Q

Muscle that’s primarily attached to bones, skin, & fascia. Voluntary. Supplied by motor and sensory nerves.

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

111
Q

The muscle that forms the walls of the heart. Involuntary.

A

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

112
Q

Located in the walls of the organs (viscera). Involuntary.

A

Smooth (visceral) Muscle Tissue

113
Q

What muscles of the body make up the muscular system?

A

Skeletal Muscle (voluntarily controlled muscles)

114
Q

What are the motors of the muscular system?

A

Muscles

115
Q

Point where the muscle attaches to a bone or another muscle, nd is usually not moved by contraction of a muscle.

A

Origin

116
Q

The point at which the muscle attaches to the skin, a bone, or another muscle. Moves upon contraction.

A

Insertion

117
Q

Fleshy portion of the muscle in between attachment sites:

A

Belly

118
Q

The muscle contracts, produces force, but no gross movement of the muscle occurs (stability)

A

Isometric

119
Q

The muscle shortens while contracting, producing acceleration of the body segments.

A

Concentric

120
Q

The muscle lengthens while contracting. Decelerate body segments and provide shock absorption, such as when landing from a jump.

A

Eccentric

121
Q

Principle muscle produces a joint motion or maintains posture. Always contracts actively to produce a concentric, isometric, or eccentric contraction.

A

Agonist/prime mover

122
Q

The muscle that has the opposite anatomical action of the agonist. Passively elongates or shortens to permit motion to occur.

A

Antagonist

123
Q

The muscle contracts at the same time as the agonist.

A

Synergist

124
Q

Muscles that are active isometrically to keep a limb from moving when the agonist muscle contracts.

A

Stabilizer/fixator/supporter

125
Q

How are skeletal muscles named?

A

-direction of fibers
-size
-shape
-action
-number of origins
-location of muscle
-sites of origin and insertion

126
Q

A cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone, or to skin, or to another muscle.

A

Tendon

127
Q

A tendon that extends as a broad, flat layer.

A

Aponeurosis

128
Q

Tube-like structure made by connective tissue that wraps around the tendons of the muscles at wrists and ankles where many tendons come together in a confined space.

A

Tendon Sheaths

129
Q

Loose connective tissue and fat underlying the skin. It is homologous to the hypoderm in the skin. It contains the superficial veins and sensory nerves.

A

Superficial Fascia

130
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue under the superficial fascia that wraps the body. It is well defined in the limbs.

A

Deep fascia

131
Q

Nerves that receive sensory stimuli, such as how something feels and if it is painful.

A

Sensory nerves

132
Q

Nerves that allow the brain to stimulate muscle contraction. Exclusively contains the axons of the neurons which innervate skeletal muscles or glands.

A

Motor Nerves

133
Q

The nerves that generally refer to the mixed sensory and motor spinal nerves, that come out of the spinal cord. They innervate most of the skeletal muscles in our body.

A

Spinal Nerves

134
Q

The nerves that emerge directly from the brain. (sensory and motor nerve fibers) Innervates some of the head and neck muscles.

A

Cranial Nerves

MSK 100 test 1 (7 decks)

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