Lecture 2: Vertebral column and Thoracic Cage Flashcards
What is the function of the vertebral column?
-Posture
-Support body weight
-Locomotion
-Protection of the spinal cord & roots
What are the five regions of vertebrae and how many vertebrae are there per region?
5 Regions:
Cervical-7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar-5
Sacral-5
Coccygeal-2-4 (fuse to make the coccyx)
What are the primary 1 degree curvatures and their locations?
Kyphosis: Thoracic, and Sacral
What are the primary 2 degree curvatures and their locations?
Lordosis: Cervical, and Lumbar
Which curvature develops when infants begin to hold their heads up?
Cervical Lordosis
Which curvature develops when toddlers begin standing and walking?
Lumbar Lordosis
Which curvature develops during the fetal period?
Kyphotic curvature
Name the structures from top to bottom:
-Spinous process
-Transverse Process
-Articular Process
-Vertebral Arch
-Vertebral Body
What is the name of the structure that houses the spinal cord?
Vertebral Foramen
The foramen that is formed between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae are called?
Intervertebral Foramen
The anterior projection with the largest bony segment. (column height and shock absorption)
Body
Which vertebral features serve as an attachment for the ribs and muscles?
Transverse processes, and Spinous processes
Which vertebral feature allows vertebrae to form joints with each other?
Articular Processes
Which vertebral feature connects the body of vertebrae to TVPS?
Pedicles
Which vertebral feature connects the TVPS with SPS?
Lamina
Which vertebral features form the vertebral foramen?
Body, pedicle, lamina, and SP
Which vertebral feature borders/protects the exiting spinal nerves?
Intervertebral foramen
Name the Numbered structures:
1) Inferior Articular process and facet
2) Superior Articular Process
3) Lamina
4) Pedicle
5) Vertebral Foramen
6) Transverse process
7) Spinous process
8) Inferior articular Facet
9) Lamina
10) Intervertebral foramen
How many pairs of spinal nerves exit off the spinal cord?
31
What is the name of the canal that protects the spinal cord?
Vertebral Canal
Name the type of vertebrae:
Cervical
What features does the axis and atlas NOT have?
-Body
-Laminae
-Pedicles
Which vertebrae contain the odontoid process or Dens?
Axis
Which surface does the superior articular surface attach to?
Occipital Condyles
Name the structures:
1) Occipital Condyles
2) Foramen Magnum
Name the vertebra:
Atlas
Name the vertebra:
Axis
Name the structures:
1) Dens of Axis
2) Facet for atlas
3) Superior Articular Facet
Which vertebra contains the transverse ligament?
Atlas
Which portion of the body is the dens attached?
Superior surface of the body
What surfaces make up the Medial Atlantoaxial Joint?
The articular facet of the dens and the posterior surface of the anterior arch of C1
Which features make up the lateral atlantoaxial joint?
The superior articular facet of the axis and the inferior articular facet on the lateral mass of the atlas.
What is vertebra prominens?
The proper name for the 7th cervical vertebra.
What type of vertebra is this?
Thoracic vertebrae
Where do the heads of the ribs articulate on the vertebrae?
Costal Facets
The articulation with the tubercles of the ribs happens where?
Transverse Costal Facets of the thoracic vertebrae
Which rib(s) have no facets on the transverse processes?
T11 & T12
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What components make up the thoracic cage?
-12 thoracic vertebrae + Intervertebral discs
-12 pairs of ribs + costal cartilages
-Sternum
What are the functions of the thoracic cage?
1) Attachment for upper limbs
2) Attachments for many muscles of the upper limbs, neck, abdomen, and muscles for respiration
3) Protects thoracic and abdominal organs
4) Attachment for mammary glands of breast tissue (subcutaneous tissues of anterolateral chest wall)
Which ribs are the true ribs?
Ribs 1-7
Which ribs are the false ribs?
Ribs 8-10
Where do that false ribs attach?
Fuse to the costal cartilage of rib 7 to form indirect attachment
Which ribs are the free/floating ribs?
11-12 (no attachment)
What are the spaces between the ribs called?
Intercostal spaces
Name the structures:
1) Superior thoracic aperture
2) Superior Boarder of manubrium
3) Body of sternum
4) Xiphoid Process
5) Inferior Thoracic aperture
6) Costal Arch
What features does a typical rib have?
-head
-neck
-tubercle
-shaft
-angle
What is the name of the inferior border that overhangs and accommodates the intercostal vessels and nerves?
Costal groove
What rib feature consists of an articular and nonarticular portion?
Tubercle
Name the structures:
1) Superior Facet
2) Inferior Facet
3) Articular Facet
4) Costal Angle
5) Costal Groove
Which ribs are atypical?
1st and 2nd
Which rib is wider and flatter than the rest?
1st rib
The tubercle on the inner (medial) border of the first rib is called what?
Scalene tubercle
What features does the 1st rib lack?
Angle & Costal Groove & it’s head only contains 1 articular surface
Which feature does the second rib lack?
Costal groove
Which rib(s) only has a singular articular facet?
10th rib
Which rib(s) have a single articular facet and no neck or tubercle?
11th and 12th ribs
The 11th rib has a slight angle and costal groove and the 12th rib has no angle or costal groove. (True or False)
True
The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles.
The manubrium
Suprasternal notch is also known as what?
Jugular notch
Where does the clavicle and first rib join?
Jugular notch(suprasternal notch)
Ribs 3-6 attach where?
Sternum via Costal Cartilages
The angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum is called what?
Angle of louis
The lowest and smallest part of the sternum is called?
Xiphoid process
Which vertebrae is this?
Lumbar vertebrae
The bony ridges on the posterior surface of the sacrum are called what?
Sacral crests
How many pairs of foramina are on the sacrum?
4
The lateral crest on the sacrum is located anteriorly or posteriorly?
Posteriorly
Which surface of the sacrum is concave and has the two triangular flat surfaces called the sacral ala?
Anterior
How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?
4
What part of the vertebral column makes up 1/4 of the length of our vertebral column?
Intervertebral discs
What are the functions of the intervertebral discs?
-strong attachment between vertebrae for support and protection
-weight bearing, shock absorption
-makes up 25% of column height
What is the composition of the intervertebral discs?
Annulus fibrosus and Nucleus pulposus
What is annulus fibrosis?
concentric rings of fibrocartilage that connect adjacent vertebral bodies and secure nucleus in position
What is the nucleus pulposus?
semi-gelatinous mass that acts as a chock absorber
Where are intervertebral discs not located?
between the atlas and skull
between the atlas and dens
sacral segments
coccygeal segments
What type of joint is the 1st joint type of the vertebra?
Amphiarthrodial and structurally cartilaginous symphysis joints
What are the ligaments that assist with vertebra to vertebra joint movement?
Anterior and Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament found?
-Extends along the anterior surfaces of the vertebrae from occipital bone to the sacrum
-limits backward bending
Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament found?
-situated in the vertebral canal, and extends along the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebra from body of axis to sacrum.
-covers a plexus of of arteries, veins, and lymphatics and the nutrient foramina
What happens when there are degenerative changes in the anulus fibrosus?
Herniation of nucleus pulposus
What type of herniation can impinge on the roots of the spinal nerve if the intervertebral foramen?
Postero-lateral herniation
The 2nd joint of the vertebrae to vertebrae joints articulate where?
upper and lower vertebrae articular processes.
What is the name of the 2nd vertebrae to vertebrae joint?
Synovial planar joints called: Zygapophysial (facet) joints
What type of joint is the 2nd vertebrae to vertebrae joint?
Diarthrodial (synovial)
What ligament connects the lamina, SPS, and TVPS?
The ligamenta Flava
What ligament connects the apices of the spinous processes from the 7th cervical vertebrae to the sacrum?
Supraspinous ligament
The ligamentum Nucha is what?
connects the apices of the spinous processes from the 7th cervical vertebrae to the external occipital protuberance (superior extension of the supraspinous ligament)
Which ligament connects adjoining spinous processes and extend from the root of the apex of each process?
Interspinous ligament
Ligament between the transverse processes:
Intertransverse ligaments
Name the structures:
1) Nuchal
2) Ligamenta Flava
3) Interspinous ligaments
4) Supraspinous ligaments
5) Anterior longitudinal ligament
How many atlantoaxial joints are there?
3-two lateral and one median
What type of joints are the two lateral atlantoaxial joints?
Synovial gliding joints
What type of joint is the median atlantoaxial joint?
Synovial pivot joint
The ligament that is fixed to the lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas and the front of the body of the axis.
Anterior atlantoaxial ligament
The ligament attached to the lower border of the posterior arch of the atlas, and the upper edges of the laminae of the axis.
Posterior atlantoaxial ligament-supplies the place of the ligamentum flavum
What three ligaments make up the cruciate ligament?
-Superior longitudinal band
-Transverse ligament of atlas
-Inferior longitudinal band
What is the function of the transverse ligament of the atlas?
Retains the odontoid process in contact with the anterior arch
Where does the transvserse ligament of the atlas attach?
Small tubercle on the medial surface of the lateral mass of the atlas. It arches across the ring of the atlas.
What are the ligaments attaching the axis to the occipital bone?
-Tectorial membrane
-The alar ligaments
-Ligamentum Nuchae
Which membrane is situated in the vertebral canal and appears to be a prolongation upward of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Tectorial Membrane
The ligaments that arise on either side of the odontoid process and attach to the medial sides of the condyles of the occipital bone?
The alar ligaments
What movements are permitted in the atlantooccipital joint?
Nodding of the head:
-Flexion
-Extension
Slight lateral flexion
Rotation
What are the ligaments connecting the bones in the atlantooccipital joint?
-Articulate Capsules
-Anterior Atlantooccipital Membrane
-Posterior Atlantooccipital Membrane
Where do the articulate capsules attach?
Surround the condyles of the occipital bone and connect them to the superior articular surfaces of the atlas. (thin and loose)
Where does the anterior atlantooccipital membrane attach?
Passed between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, and the upper border of the anterior arch of the atlas.
Where does the posterior atlantooccipital membrane attach?
The posterior margin of the foramen magnum, and to the upper border of the posterior arch of the atlas
The synovial planar joints formed between the uncinate processes of the cervical vertebrae?
Luschka’s Joints (unconvertebral joints or cleft)
Where is the Luschka’s joint found?
In the cervical vertebrae between C3 and C7
What is the name of the joint that articulates with the head of the typical ribs and the facets on the sides of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and the intervertebral discs between them?
Costovertebral Joint
Which ribs articulate with a single vertebrae?
1st, 10th, 11th, and 12th Ribs
What are the ligaments of the costovertebral Joints?
-Radiate ligament of head of rib
-The intraarticular ligament of head of rib
Which ligament connects the anterior part of the head of the rib with the side bodies of the two vertebrae?
Radiate ligament of head of rib
Which ligament attaches to one of the crests separating the two articular facets on the head of the rib and on the other end of the intervertebral disc?
The intraarticular ligament of the head of rib (divides the joint into two cavities)
What ligament do the costotransverse joints consist of?
-Superior costotransverse ligament
-Costotransverse ligament
-Lateral costotransverse ligament
What type of joint is the costotransverse rib?
Diarthrodial
Which ligament attaches to the border of the neck of the rib to the transverse process immediately above?
Superior costotransverse ligament
Which ligament attaches to the rough surface on the back of the neck of the rib and the anterior surface of the adjacent transverse process?
The costotransverse ligament
Which ligament passes obliquely from the tip of the transverse process to the rough non-articular tubercle of the rib?
Lateral costotransverse ligament
The posterior joints of the thoracic cage touch how many vertebral bodies and transverse processes?
2 vertebral bodies
1 transverse process
(ex: 7th rib forms articulation w/ bodies of T7-T6 and the TVP of T7)
The articulations of the cartilages of the true ribs w/ the sternum are what type of joint?
Synovial (except for first rib: here the cartilage is directly united with the sternum-synchondrosis)
What ligaments consist of radiate from the front and back of the sternal ends of the cartilages of the true ribs to the anterior and posterior surfaces of the sternum?
Anterior and Posterior radiate sternocostal ligaments
What movements do the sternocostal and costochondral joints have?
Slight gliding movements
What are the costochondral articulations?
The lateral end of each costal cartilage is received into a depression in the sternal end of the rib and held together by the periosteum.
What type of joint is the costochondral joint?
Synchondrosis
Which joints work together to move the ribs in a superior and lateral direction? “bucket handle motion”
Sternocostal + costotransverse + costovertebral joints
Which joint pulls the sternum in a superior direction? “pump handle motion”
Sternocostal joint
