Lecture VI

Question 1

Attentional deficits are often due to damage to …, causing … and …

Answer 1

Frontoparietal network, causing visual neglect and Balint syndrome.

Question 2

Many forms of neglect, but most common (2):

Answer 2

Hemispatial unilateral neglect

Ideational apraxia

Question 3

Hemispatial unilateral neglect: … visual field neglect due to … damage.
… side neglect less common due to processing of … space in both hemispheres.

Answer 3

Left visual field neglect due to right inferior parietal damage.
Right side neglect less common due to processing of right space by both hemispheres.

Question 4

Ideational apraxia: due to … damage, causing …

Answer 4

Left inferior parietal damage, causing misuse of tools.

Question 5

Right inferior parietal damage causes …

Left inferior parietal damage causes …

Answer 5

Right inferior parietal damage causes hemispatial unilateral left neglect.
Left inferior parietal damage causes ideational apraxia.

Question 6

Neglect is different from … (… damage) - neglect is more … and … is more …

Answer 6

Different from hemianopia (V1 damage).

Neglect more attentional, hemianopia more visual deficit.

Question 7

Neglect patients can become … aware of stimulus in impaired visual field when …

Answer 7

Covertly aware, when stimulus is pointed out to them.

Question 8

Treatment/coping mechanism for neglect.

Answer 8

Train to make saccades and motor movements to impaired part of visual field to cover everything with intact visual field.

Question 9

Balint syndrome

• … and … apraxia when … is impaired.
• … damage to … and …
• … = …

Answer 9

Optic and oculumotor apraxia when motor guidance to objects is impaired.
Bilateral damage to dorsal posterior parietal cortex and lateral occipital cortex.
Simultanagnosia = can only attend to one object at a time.

Question 10

Balint syndrome (3):

Answer 10

Simultanagnosia, optic ataxia, oculomotor apraxia.

Question 11

Optic ataxia

Answer 11

See/recognize object but can’t grasp/turn/manipulate it.

Question 12

Oculomotor apraxia (2):

Answer 12

Defect of controlled, voluntary, and purposeful eye movements.
Main difficulty is saccade initiation.

Question 13

Dorsal posterior parietal lesion.

Answer 13

Balint syndrome.

Question 14

Lateral occipital lesion.

Answer 14

Balint syndrome.

Question 15

… lobe damage causes deficits in … - changing the allocation of attention.
… lobe damage causes deficits in … - initiating changes in attention.

Answer 15

Parietal lobe deficits in attention - allocation.

Frontal lobe deficits in control - initiation.

Question 16

Frontoparietal network:

• frontal: …
• parietal: …

Answer 16

Frontal - initiating attention.

Parietal - changing attention.

Question 17

Pathway cue to shift attention.

Answer 17

Cue triggers frontal - initiating attention - preparation - triggers parietal - shift attention.

Question 18

TMS - active … (…/…)
Measure FFA and MT+ when attending … and …
Expectation: link between … and …/… strengthens depending on attentional focus.

Answer 18

Active frontal area (frontal eye fields/FEF).
FFA and MT+ when attending face area and motion direction.
Link between FEF and FFA/MT+ depending on attention.

Question 19

Strong stimulation of FEF increased BOLD in … but not … when attending motion direction.
Strong stimulation of FEF increased BOLD in … but not … when attending gender of faces.

Answer 19

MT+ but not FFA in motion direction.

FFA but not MT+ in gender of faces.

Question 20

Temporal characteristics to investigate causality (2):

Answer 20

First frontal then parietal.

fMRI is slow, use EEG.

Question 21

Lateral PFC - …
FEF - …
Lateral intraparietal area/LIP - …

Answer 21

Lateral PFC - selecting relevant locations.
FEF - codes saccades endpoints.
Lateral intraparietal area/LIP - reorientating; evoke saccade.

Question 22

Temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) integrates information (2):

Answer 22

From thalamus, limbic system, sensory systems.

From external environment and within body.

Question 23

Visual search:

• easy: … (3).
• hard: … (3).

Answer 23

Easy visual search: bottom-up, pop-out, exogenous reorienting.
Hard visual search: top-down, conjuction/complex, endogenous reorienting.

Question 24

Reorienting during both types of visual search is coded in the …, which lies between the … and …
Combines control of … and … attention.

Answer 24

Intraparietal sulcus, lies between TPJ and superior parietal lobule.
Combines control of exogenous and endogenous attention.

Question 25

Default-mode network (DMN) (3):

Answer 25

Decreased activity in FP network.
Increased activity in DMN - posterior cingulate cortex (PCC).
Inverse coupling between FPN and DMN.

Question 26

Sleep NTs (7):

Answer 26

ACh - memory consolidation, nucleus basalis.
5-HT - melatonin, sleep onset, internal clock, pineal gland, raphe nuclei.
Cortisol - awakening response, pituitary gland.
Glutamate - GABA, sleep duration.
Histamine - vigilance, alertness, hypothalamus.
Orexin/hypocretin - stable sleep, appetite, lateral hypothalamus.
Norepinephrine - arousal, locus coeruleus.

Question 27

Awake - …
Begin sleep - …
Before REM - …
During REM - …

Answer 27

Awake - all active
Begin sleep - all less active
Before REM - norepinephrine active to activate REM
During REM - ACh active to improve memory