Lecture V

Question 1

Attention = ... and ... - ... effect.
Arousal = not ..., but ... - ... effect.

Answer 1

Attention = focalization and selection - selection effect.
Arousal = not selection, but all sensory signals - baseline effect.

Question 2

Advantages of attention (3):

Answer 2

Detailed representations of stimuli.
Faster and more accurate responses to stimuli.
Better memory of stimuli - both WM and LTM.

Question 3

Overt attention and covert attention.

Answer 3

Overt attention = you look at what you want to attend.

Covert attention = you attend something outside your gaze.

Question 4

2 types of manipulation of attention:

Answer 4

Internal manipulation = decide yourself what you want to attend.

• endogenous
• top-down
• conscious, controlled

External manipulation = stimulus’ characteristics decide what you attend.

• exogenous
• bottom-up
• automatic, uncontrolled

Question 5

…. brain mechanisms for … and … attention.

Answer 5

Different brain mechanisms for endogenous and exogenous attention.

Question 6

Attentional blink

Answer 6

Changing selection of attention tasks takes some time.

Question 7

Posner’s cueing task - recognition … and … with … cue than ….

Answer 7

Recognition better and faster with congruent cue than incongruent.

Question 8

Strengthening of neural responses - … of attended and unattended objects.

• no attention to either objects - … neural activity for frequencies.
• attention for certain frequency - … neural response.

Answer 8

Frequency tagging
Even neural activity
Higher neural response

Question 9

Cocktail party effect

Answer 9

Ability to focus attention to particular auditory stimulus while ignoring other stimuli (= shadowing).

Question 10

Auditory attention is measured by … - high … resolution.

Answer 10

EEG - high temporal resolution.

Question 11

… is unaffected by attention.

… are enhanced by attention.

Answer 11

Brain evoked response (BER)

P20-50 and N1

Question 12

Attention is necessary for … to process sounds.

Answer 12

Similarity analysis.

Question 13

Attention acts in brain area that codes the target feature:

• orientation in …
• color in …
• motion in …
• faces in …
• sounds in …

Answer 13

Orientation in V1
Color in V4
Motion in MT+
Faces in FFA
Sounds in auditory cortex

Question 14

Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a … measured in …
… paradigm
MMN is … for attended ear than unattended ear.
Deviant stimulus evokes … negative response.

Answer 14

Response measured in ERPs.
Oddball paradigm.
MMN is bigger for attended ear.
Deviant stimulus evokes stronger negative response.

Question 15

Attention boosts … (in … lobe) of places that are attended.

Answer 15

P1 in occipital lobe.

Question 16

Attention increases …, decreases …

Answer 16

Increases sensory signal, decreases size of receptive field.

Question 17

Solution to object attention tasks is …

Answer 17

Bi-stable stimulus.

Question 18

Bistable perception - … and … ….

House and face - … and …

Answer 18

Monocular and binocular rivalry.

FFA and parahippocampal place area (PPA).