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Cognitive Neuroscience I > Lecture I > Flashcards

Lecture I Flashcards

1
Q

4 main aspects of neurons

A

Output, transfer, modulator, input

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2
Q

Neurons are different from normal cells (4):

A

Axons and dendrites are specialized structures to transmit information through APs.
They tend not to reproduce after birth.
Connections can alter.
Each cell type has its own specialized function.

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3
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Tear in vessel leaks blood into brain tissue.

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4
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Blood clot in vessel blocks blood supply to certain brain tissue.

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5
Q

Measuring brain activity via (4):

A

APs or local field potentials (electrophysiology)
Electromagnetic fields at scalp (EEG/MEG)
Manipulating neural activity (TMS/tDCS)
Blood oxygenation (fMRI/PET/fNIRS)

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6
Q

Most important NTs (6):

A

Glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, norepinephrine.

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7
Q

Whether a NT inhibits or excites depends on…

A

Target cell receptor types.

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8
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) (5):

A

Both excitatory and inhibitory functions.
Maintain body states, muscle contraction, digestion, etc.
Skeletel muscle: nicotinic receptors.
Heart muscle: muscarinic receptors.
Brain, spinal cord (CNS): interneurons.

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9
Q

In AD, … levels are …

A

ACh levels are low.

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10
Q

Dopamine (3):

A

Both excitatory and inhibitory functions.
Reward system, mood, posture and movement, wakefulness.
Areas producing dopamine mostly in midbrain.

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11
Q

In PD, … levels are … - causing …

A

Dopamine levels are low - causing bradykinesia.

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12
Q

In schizophrenia, … levels are … - causing …

A

Dopamine levels are low - causing hallucinations.

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13
Q

Norepinephrine (5):

A

Both excitatory and inhibitory functions.
Released from adrenal medulla by fear and stress.
Increase heart rate, decrease digestion.
Main NT of sympathetic nervous system.
Related to epinephrine (fight or flight).

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14
Q

Serotonin (5-HT) (4):

A

Mainly inhibitory functions.
Brain’s key monoamine, modulatory NT.
Gut to brain, brain to gut.
Influences effects of other chemical messengers.

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15
Q

In depression, … levels are …

A

5-HT levels are low.

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16
Q

GABA (4):

A

Mainly inhibitory functions.
Main inhibitory NT, prevents excessive signaling.
Released from both axon terminals and dendrites.
Synthesized from glutamate.

17
Q

Glutamate (5):

A

Mainly excitatory functions.
Most abundant free amino acid.
NMDA and AMPA are major receptors.
On postsynaptic neuron, glutamate binds to them.
Promotes learning by synaptic plasticity.

18
Q

Oxytocin (4):

A

Both inhibitory and excitatory functions.
Loyalty and trust, mother-child bond, love, milk from mammary glands.
Modulates uterus contractions during birth.
Made and released from hypothalamus via pituitary gland.

19
Q

When is EEG measurement good? (4)

A

Mass activity, synchronized activity, close to scalp, no noise sources.

20
Q

EEG measures primarily …, not …, mostly in the …

A

Local field potentials, not APs, mostly in the cerebral cortex.

21
Q

Advantages of EEG (2):

A

Relatively low costs.

High temporal resolution.

22
Q

Disadvantages of EEG (2):

A

Only surface structures.

Low spatial resolution.

23
Q

… electrodes are enough to measure P100, N200, P600, etc.

… electrodes are enough for localization.

A

32-64

128

24
Q

2 types of EEG waves:

A 
Aroused = low amplitude, high frequency = fast waves
Relaxed = high amplitude, low frequency = slow waves
25
Q

Aroused waves

A

Low amplitude, high frequency = fast

26
Q

Relaxed waves

A

High amplitude, low frequency = slow

27
Q 
During arousal:
During relaxation:
During sleep:
During deep sleep:
Even less active:
A 
Arousal: gamma (32+ Hz) and beta (16+ Hz)
Relaxation: alpha (8+ Hz)
Sleep: theta (4+ Hz)
Deep sleep: delta (4- Hz)
Less active: coma
28
Q

Gamma waves

A

> 32 Hz, superlearning

29
Q

Beta waves

A

16-31 Hz, analytical thinking and processing information

30
Q

Alpha waves

A

8-15 Hz, eyes closed or very relaxed

31
Q

Theta waves

A

4-7 Hz, sleep, REM, deep meditation, dreaming

32
Q

Delta waves

A

< 4 Hz, deep dreamless sleep

33
Q

Theta/beta ratio

A

Lower ratio = more arousal
Higher ratio = less arousal
High ratio = high theta = low Hz = low arousal

34
Q

ADHD

A

Increased theta/beta ratio = less arousal (less control?)
Hyperactive due to less cortical arousal
Treatment: stimulantia

35
Q

Low spatial frequency - cycles

A

0.6 cycles per degree

36
Q

High spatial frequency - cycles

A

4.8 cycles per degree

37
Q

ERP - temporal resolution

A

High

Cognitive Neuroscience I (6 decks)

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