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Cognitive Neuroscience I > Lecture IV > Flashcards

Lecture IV Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of movements:

A 
Automatic movements (reflexes, for quick responses).
Voluntary movements (self-controlled, to achieve cognitive goals).
Fine control and adaptation of movements (learning, flexibility).
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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system/PNS (2):

A

Nerves from spinal cord to muscles.
Divided into SNS and ANS:
- Somatic NS: voluntary
- Automatic NS: involuntary

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3
Q

CNS for motor system (4):

A

Spinal cord, brainstem
Subcortical (basal ganglia)
Cortex: M1, PMC, PPC, SMA
Cerebellum

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4
Q

Kinesthesia

Proprioception

A

Ability to sense motion(/position) of a joint/limb.

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5
Q

Muscles are activated by the release of …

A

ACh

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6
Q

4 important areas in cortex for motor system:

A

M1, PMC, PPC, SMA.

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7
Q

5 structures of basal ganglia:

A

Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus.

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8
Q

Rapid, targeted movements have two phases:

A

Ballistic movement then error-correction movement.

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9
Q

… innervates muscles via … release to contract muscles.

A

PNS via ACh.

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10
Q

Sarcomere (2):

A

Z-disc to Z-disc.

Functional unit of skeletal muscle.

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11
Q

… makes up the thick filaments.
Has … with … on it, for … and …
Interaction with thin filaments via …

A

Myosin makes up thick filaments.
Has heads with binding sites on it, for ATP and actin.
Interaction with thin filaments via actin.

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12
Q

Thin filaments are made from actin. … polymerizes to form backbone - …

A

G-actin (globular) polymerizes to form backbone - F-actin.

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13
Q

Each actin subunit has an active site where … can bind. When muscle fiber is …, these binding sites are blocked by spiraling strands of … around the backbone.

A

Actin has active sites where myosin can bind. When muscle fiber is relaxed, binding sites are blocked by strands of tropomyosin.

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14
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Blocks myosin binding to actin when muscle is relaxed.

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15
Q

Troponin

A

Globular complex of 3 polypeptides, binds to:

  • actin
  • tropomyosin
  • calcium
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16
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is a series of … that surround each …
Regulates levels of …, needed for …

A

Tubules that surround each myofibril.

Regulates levels of Ca2+, needed for muscle contraction.

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17
Q

When the … stimulates muscle fibers, … on thick filaments bind to …
These attachments will form and break several times, as thick pulls thin into …
Thus pulling … towards the …
… shorten, … disappears
… from adjacent sarcomeres get closer together, so muscle cell will …, muscle contracts.

A 
PNS stimulates
Myosin heads bind to actin subunits
Into sarcomere center.
Z-disc towards M-line
I-bands shorten, H-zone disappears
A-bands, muscle cell will shorten
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18
Q

Neuromuscular junction/NMJ is the interface between … and …
Is a … between … and …

A

NS and skeletal muscle.

Chemical synapse between motor neuron and muscle fiber.

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19
Q

NMJ contains … receptors, so when … is released into the synaptic cleft by the …, it binds to the junctional folds causing conformational change.
… binding opens ion channels - … influx, … efflux.
More … influx than … efflux - … of cell.
AP generation.
… will break down … - channels … - preventing further …
AP travels down … via … - opening .. channels.

A

ACh receptors, ACh is released by motor neuron.
ACh binding - Na+ influx, K+ efflux.
More Na+ influx than K+ efflux - depolarization.
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh - closing channels.
AP travels down sarcolemma via T-tubules - opening Ca2+ channels.

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20
Q

AP generated initiates excitation-contraction coupling.
AP causes .. levels in muscle fibers to …
Causing filaments to slide.

A

AP causes Ca2+ levels to rise.

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21
Q

Muscle relaxed, … blocks myosin binding on actin subunits.
… binds to …
Change in shape which pushes … away.
Allows for …-… binding - muscle contraction.

A

Tropomyosin blocks myosin binding to actin.
Ca2+ binds to troponin.
Pushes tropomyosin away.
Allows myosin-actin binding - muscle contraction.

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22
Q

… heads use … to change conformation and to pull … filaments to cause contraction.

A

Myosin uses ATP to pull actin filaments to cause contractions.

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23
Q

2 types of motor neurons (regulating activity in muscles or glands):

A

Upper motor neuron (UMN) = originate in brain and brain stem, carry information in descending tracts.

Lower motor neuron (LMN) = influence activity of muscles/glands, activated by UMNs.

24
Q

3 categories of LMNs:

A

Somatic - extend to skeletal muscle to control movement and tone.
Special visceral/branchial - supply muscles in head and neck.
General visceral - involved in ANS.

25
Q

Somatic motor neurons - 3 types:

A

Alpha, beta, gamma.

26
Q

Special about motor neurons (3)?

A

Large neurons with many synapses to each muscle fiber.
Normally neurons synapse with other neurons not muscles.
Arranged in antagonistic pairs: active pair causes contraction, non-active pair causes relaxation.

27
Q

Reflex arc - controls reflexes (3):

A

Signals bypass the brain - acted upon in spinal cord.
Build-in, innate behavior.
Signals sent to brain later to evaluate further action, but first response in spinal cord.

28
Q

Spinal neurons can generate … without …

A

Entire sequence of movements without feedback or input.

29
Q

Spinal cord damage - antagonistic muscle pairs still show coordinated movement, even without input from brain. This means that coordination between two legs is …

A

Purely controlled by spinal reflexes.

30
Q

Sensory feedback of one leg is cut - …
Feedback from both legs is cut - …
Thus, limb with intact feedback is …, but feedback … to produce walking.

A

One leg cut - stop using that leg.
Both legs cut - use both legs but walk less fine.
Limb with intact feedback is preferred, but feedback is not necessary to produce walking.

31
Q

Peripheral neuropathy causes errors during … and …

A

Sequences of automatic actions and guided movements.

32
Q

CNS has different systems for different motor functions (5):

A 
Cortico-spinal tract - voluntary
Rubro-spinal tract - gait/walking
Tecto-spinal tract - eyes
Vestibulo-spinal tract - head
Reticulo-spinal tract - reflexes
33
Q

M1 - … and …

Consists of …, which form direct connections to … in …

A

Simple movements and directions.

Betz cells, connections to alpha motor neurons in spinal cord.

34
Q

Damage to M1 - … … to lesion site.
Relatively common because close to …
Loss of cortical … - reflexes become …
… recovery.

A

Paralysis contralateral to lesion site.
Close to middle cerebral artery.
Loss of cortical inhibition/control, reflexes become stronger.
Minimal recovery

35
Q

PMC - sends signals to:

  • … to achieve …
  • … to adapt movement to …
  • … to adapt movement to …
A

M1 to achieve simple movements.
Higher-order areas to adapt movement to context.
Thalamus to adapt movement to remembered actions.

36
Q

PMC activity reflects … and …

A

Global behavioral planning and goal depending on context.

37
Q

Damage to PMC - no responses to … and …

A

No responses to cues.

Anosognosia = unaware of having inability.

38
Q

M1 … movements, PMC … … movements

A

M1 initiates movements.

PMC plans context-dependent movements.

39
Q

Posterior parietal cortex/PPC - sensory feedback, movement control.
Controls …-generated movements.
…-controlled movements, … coordination.

A

Externally-generated movements.

Visually-controlled movements, visuomotor coordination.

40
Q

Damage to PPC - impaired … motor adjustments.
… = difficulties … and … motor movements.
Can … them, but not … to them.

A

Impaired vision-based motor adjustments.
Apraxia = difficulties planning and adjusting motor movements.
Can initiate them, but not adjust to them.

41
Q

Ideomotor apraxia (4):

A

Distorded imitation and identification.
Automatic intact, voluntary damaged
Lesions in PMC, superior parietal areas.
Deficit of visual input.

42
Q

Ideational apraxia (3):

A

Know desired action but can’t execute.
Problems with motor plan/scheme.
Lesions left inferior parietal.

43
Q

PMC - … feedback

PPC - … feedback

A

PMC - contextual

PPC - visual

44
Q

SMA - …-generated movements planning, …

SMA neurons are specialized in …

A

Internally-generated movements, temporal ordering.

Specialized in certain sequences.

45
Q

Damage in SMA - defects in …
…, … movements.
… syndrome - … to lesion site.

A

Defects in appropriate action planning.
Uncontrolled, unexpected movements.
Alien-hand syndrome - contralateral to lesion site.

46
Q

Externally-generated actions (4) versus internally-generated actions (4):

A

Externally: PMC, PPC, cerebellum, sensory feedback.
Internally: SMA, PFC, basal ganglia, motivation to achieve goal.

47
Q

Basal ganglia = … nuclei to …

… of execution and inhibition.

A

Subcortical nuclei to gate action.

Timing of execution and inhibition.

48
Q

Basal ganglia contain mostly … neurons to … planned actions …
… from … removes this …

A

GABA neurons to inhibit planned actions until needed.

Go-input from cortex removes this inhibition.

49
Q

Reward value of actions manipulates the degree of inhibition.
Basal ganglia also contain … neurons.
Basal ganglia promote … and inhibit … actions.

A

Dopamine neurons.

Promote successful and inhibit unsuccessful actions.

50
Q

Damage to basal ganglia causes …:

  • positive symptoms:
  • negative symptoms:
A

PD.
Positive: tremors, rigidity.
Negative: instable posture, hypokinesia.

51
Q

Hypokinesia

A

Partial/complete loss of muscle movement.

52
Q

Causes of PD and treatment.

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (SN).

Increase dopamine levels - only effective in early stages.

53
Q

Cerebellum - close to brainstem containing many circuits for …
Smooth control of … movements.
Coordination of …
On-line error correction.

A

Automatic movements.
Skilled movements.
Repetitive movements.

54
Q

Damage to cerebellum - deficits in …
Cerebellar ataxia = …
… intact, no …
… is off: agonist and antagonist muscles are activated …

A

Deficits in peripheral limb coordination.
Cerebellar ataxia = lack of control of voluntary movements.
Initiation intact, no smooth control.
Timing is off, muscles activated too late.

55
Q

Early learning starts in … to plan movement - then … for visuomotor coordination - then … - then … for automatization and precision.

A

PMC - PPC - feedback - cerebellum.

56
Q

3 areas mirror neurons:

A

PMC, PPC, parietal-temporal areas.

57
Q 
Spine -
Brainstem -
Basal ganglia -
Cerebellum -
M1 -
PMC -
PPC -
SMA -
A

Spine – reflexes
Brainstem – control of automatic reflexes
Basal ganglia – inhibiting and controlling move onset
Cerebellum – fine-tuning motor activity and error-correction
M1 – control of simple movements
PMC – planning and guiding actions
PPC – external, visuomotor control
SMA – internal, inhibition of actions

Cognitive Neuroscience I (6 decks)

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