lecture unit #5

Question 1

T OR F: Following the movement of fluid through the nephron, fluid is then directed into the collecting duct then toward the renal cortex.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

T OR F: The urethra carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Answer 2

false

Question 3

Which cells found in the collecting duct of the nephron, adjust urine in order to maintain the body’s water, Na+, and K+ balance?

Answer 3

principal cells

Question 4

The collecting ducts of the kidneys would be found in which structure?

Answer 4

renal pyramids

Question 5

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 5

increase

Question 6

What pressure drives filtration?

Answer 6

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP)

Question 7

What vessels drain directly into the glomerulus?

Answer 7

afferent arterioles

Question 8

Given the following information, answer the question below:

What is the net filtration pressure given:

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure: 40mmHg

Capsular hydrostatic pressure: 10mmHg

Blood colloid osmotic pressure: 25mmHg

Answer 8

5 mmHg out of the glomerulus

Question 9

If a substance is transported from the renal tubule to the peritubular capillary, then ________ has occurred.

Answer 9

reabsorption

Question 10

T OR F: High blood pressure would trigger the release of renin.

Answer 10

false

Question 11

T OR F:

Answer 11

The first step of urine formation is filtration.

Question 12

T or F: Increased GFR would result in increased urine production.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

In a state of low blood osmolarity, thirst will…

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

When blood volume is low, water reabsorption would:

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

Select the correct order for the pathway sperm cells travel in the male reproductive system

Answer 15

Testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Urethra

Question 16

Each oocyte (egg cell) matures in:

Answer 16

follcile

Question 17

The anterior pituitary secretes both ________ and __________.

Answer 17

LH; FSH

Question 18

Progesterone levels are high during:

Answer 18

luteal phase

Question 19

The corpus luteum appears:

Answer 19

after ovulation

Question 20

The uterus sheds part of the ____________ during a standard menstrual cycle.

Answer 20

endometrium

Question 21

Which of the following options correctly lists the sequence of glands that sperm would encounter as they travel from the testes to the penis?

Answer 21

Seminal vesicle > prostate gland > bulbourethral gland

Question 22

What hormone is secreted during the uterine cycle as a result of the presence of the corpus luteum and prepares the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?

Answer 22

progesterone

Question 23

Which of the following are functions of the renal system?

Answer 23

Blood pH homeostasis

Excretion of excess K^+

Formation of urine

Blood pressure regulation

Synthesis of erythropoietin

Question 24

All of the materials in urine that are excreted from the body are filtered from:

Answer 24

the blood

Question 25

Match each organ of the renal system to a description of its function.

Answer 25

Kidney - Filters blood to produce urine Urethra - Carries urine to outside the body Ureter - Collects urine from a kidney Urinary bladder - Stores urine prior to excretion

Question 26

Arrange the regions of the kidney in the order from superficial to deep.

Answer 26

Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis

Question 27

Organize the structures of the urinary system in the order of urine flow, beginning with the collecting duct.

Answer 27

Collecting duct Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 28

What do the ureters do?

Answer 28

Transport urine to the bladder

Question 29

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure and function of the ureter epithelium?

Answer 29

The ureter has a transitional epithelium to allow for distension.

Question 30

Arrange the following arteries in order of blood flow from the aorta toward a glomerulus.

Answer 30

Renal artery Segmental artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole

Question 31

Which portion of the kidney is responsible for urine formation?

Answer 31

nephron

Question 32

Which of the following structures delivers blood to the glomerulus?

Answer 32

Afferent arteriole

Question 33

Select all the components of a nephron.

Answer 33

Proximal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule

Question 34

Which of the following puts the provided components of a nephron in order?

Answer 34

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

Question 35

Which region of the renal tubule is the most active in terms of filtrate processing?

Answer 35

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 36

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 36

Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

Question 37

Arrange the following in the order of filtrate flow.

Answer 37

Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop Ascending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

Question 38

Which of the following describes the function of intercalated cells?

Answer 38

Intercalated cells adjust the urine to manage the body's acid-base balance.

Question 39

Match each cell type to a description of its function.

Answer 39

Principal cells -Fine-tune the Na^+¸ K^+¸ and water content of the urine. Intercalated cells -Regulate the amount of HCO_3^- and H^+ in the urine in order to maintain the body’s acid–base balance. Macula densa cells -Monitor and respond to the Na^+ and Cl^- contents of the filtrate. Granular cells -Produce and secrete variable amounts of renin based on the blood pressure within afferent arterioles.

Question 40

Which of the following is a pool of fluids in the human body? (Select all the apply)

Answer 40

Interstital Intravascular Intracellular

Question 41

T or F: Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical in their composition.

Answer 41

false

Question 42

In a person at rest, most of the fluid loss within the body is due to:

Answer 42

urine

Question 43

T OR F: Water moves between fluid compartments toward the area with higher osmolarity.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

Which mechanism for fluid loss would display the greatest increase during the fight or flight response?

Answer 44

SWEATING

Question 45

Arrange the following in the order a red blood cell would flow.

Answer 45

Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole

Question 46

Arrange the following in the order of filtrate flow.

Answer 46

Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop Ascending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

Question 47

Organize the structures of the urinary system in the order of urine flow.

Answer 47

Collecting duct Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 48

Arrange the following in the order a red blood cell would flow.

Answer 48

Afferent arteriole Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries

Question 49

Arrange the following in the order of filtrate flow.

Answer 49

Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Descending limb of the nephron loop Ascending limb of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct

Question 50

Organize the structures of the urinary system in the order of urine flow beginning with the collecting duct.

Answer 50

Collecting duct Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 51

In the nephron, __________ occur(s) in the renal corpuscle, while __________ occur(s) in the renal tubules.

Answer 51

Filtration, reabsorption and secretion

Question 52

The renal filtration barrier ___________.

Answer 52

Is composed of podocytes with slits that surround fenestrated capillary endothelial cells

Question 53

Arrange the components of the filtration barrier in order, from the capillary lumen to the capsular space

Answer 53

Capillary endothelium Fused basement membrane Podocytes

Question 54

Which of the following best describes the relative permeability of the capillary endothelium in the glomerulus?

Answer 54

Allows anything smaller than a cell to pass

Question 55

Select the components that make up "filtrate" in a healthy person.

Answer 55

Water Ions Amino Acids Glucose

Question 56

Blood hydrostatic pressure will always...

Answer 56

Push out of the blood to the capsule

Question 57

Which of the following forces promotes filtration?

Answer 57

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 58

What is the NFP of a nephron with the following pressures: glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure of 73 mm Hg (out) blood colloid osmotic pressure of 30 mm Hg (in) capsular hydrostatic pressure of 5 mm Hg (in)?

Answer 58

38.0

Question 59

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure. Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 16 mmHg Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 60 mmHg Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 29 mmHg.

Answer 59

15 mm HG

Question 60

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure. Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 32 mmHg Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 49 mmHg

Answer 60

1 mm Hg (into Bowman's capsule)

Question 61

Which of the following would cause an decrease in net filtration pressure?

Answer 61

Decrease in glomerular capillary blood pressure

Question 62

The efferent arterioles move blood __ the glomerulus and afferent arterioles move blood ____ the glomerulus.

Answer 62

out of; into

Question 63

__________ is altered to regulate glomerular filtration rate.

Answer 63

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 64

What would the effect of constricting the afferent arteriole be on blood flow into the glomerulus?

Answer 64

decrease

Question 65

What would the effect of constricting the afferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 65

decrease

Question 66

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 66

increase

Question 67

Predict how glomerular filtration rate would change if the glomerular efferent arteriole was vasodilated and everything else stayed the same.

Answer 67

It would decrease.

Question 68

If blood pressure were to increase during a workout, this would lead to an increase in GFR. Which of the following would occur to resist the increase in GFR?

Answer 68

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole

Question 69

Assuming nothing else changes, which of the following causes decreased glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 69

Increased albumin levels in the blood

Question 70

Low net filtration pressure (NFP) will cause granular cells to act as a ____________ which will act on the _______________.

Answer 70

Vasodilator...afferent arteriole

Question 71

What characteristics must a substance possess in order for its renal clearance rate to be used to measure glomerular filtration rate? (hint: Select Two)

Answer 71

It must be able to freely pass through the filtration membrane It must NOT be reabsorbed or secreted by cells of the renal tubules.

Question 72

The renal clearance of inulin is equal to GFR. Based on the values below, calculate GFR. . Inulin concentration in urine = 125 mg Inulin concentration in blood plasma = 2 mg/mL Rate of urine formation = 4 mL/min

Answer 72

250 mL/min

Question 73

The renal clearance of inulin is equal to GFR. Based on the values below, calculate GFR. . Inulin concentration in urine = 100 mg Inulin concentration in blood plasma = 2 mg/mL Rate of urine formation = 4 mL/min

Answer 73

200 mL/min

Question 74

In a healthy individual, nearly all glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. Using this information, what is the renal clearance of glucose?

Answer 74

close to zero

Question 75

Which of the following forces moves fluid out of the glomerulus?

Answer 75

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 76

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure. Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 32 mmHg Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 51 mmHg

Answer 76

1 mm Hg (out of the glomerulus)

Question 77

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on net filtration pressure (NFP)?

Answer 77

Increase

Question 78

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 78

Increase

Question 79

When pressure in the glomerulus is high, GFR is high. How would the afferent and efferent arterioles respond to maintain a stable GFR?

Answer 79

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole

Question 80

Match the definition to the correct term on the right.

Answer 80

When substances travel from the nephron to a nearby blood vessel -Reabsorption When substances are pushed out of the glomerulus into the renal corpuscle -Filtration When substances travel from a blood vessel to a nearby nephron -Secretion

Question 81

Which of the following would cause urine to become more concentrated?

Answer 81

The removal of water The addition of solutes

Question 82

The proximal convoluted tubule:

Answer 82

is the site of glucose reabsorption.

Question 83

The __________ is found in the medulla, and is permeable to water.

Answer 83

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

Question 84

Where is the concentration of solutes outside the nephron the highest?

Answer 84

Lower medulla

Question 85

If H+ ions are secreted into the nephron, urine will become more:

Answer 85

acidic

Question 86

As more HCO3- is reabsorbed into the blood, the blood would become more:

Answer 86

Alkaline

Question 87

The osmotic gradient within the renal medulla is maintained by the relationship between...

Answer 87

The nephron loop and medulla

Question 88

A positive feedback mechanism called countercurrent multiplication drives reabsorption of water and solutes in the nephron loop. Match each part of the mechanism's name, to the feature it describes.

Answer 88

Countercurrent Filtrate moves away from the cortex in the descending limb and towards the cortex in the ascending limb. Multiplication The gradient between filtrate and peritubular fluid increases as filtrate moves through the nephron loop.

Question 89

Match the objective to the scenario provided.

Answer 89

High blood volume -Decrease water retention Low blood volume -increase water retention High blood osmolarity -Increase water retention Low blood osmolarity -Decrease water retention

Question 90

Which of the following hormones is commonly referred to as the "salt retaining hormone"?

Answer 90

aldosterone

Question 91

Which of the following would be an effect of aldosterone?

Answer 91

Increased water retention

Question 92

Aldosterone causes sodium retention, which causes water retention. What other hormone has a similar effect of increasing water retention?

Answer 92

Anti-diuretic hormone

Question 93

Which 2 hormones directly affect the dilation and constriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles?

Answer 93

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Angiotensin II

Question 94

Both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and decreased secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) decrease water retention. Which of the following best describes how atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) accomplishes this objective.

Answer 94

Dilates afferent arteriole

Question 95

During periods of high osmolarity, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion ________ , causing urine output is known to __________.

Answer 95

increases, decrease

Question 96

Which form of cell division is exclusively used to increasing the germ cell pool?

Answer 96

Meiosis

Question 97

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the process of meiosis? (select all that apply)

Answer 97

Ends with 4 daughter cells Goes through the stages of PMAT twice Increases genetic diversity

Question 98

T OR F:Mature spermatozoa have 46 chromosomes total.

Answer 98

false (23)

Question 99

When do the oogonia undergo mitosis?

Answer 99

before birth

Question 100

T OR F: Oogenesis becomes arrested in meiosis I before birth

Answer 100

true

Question 101

What is the outcome of meiosis I per single primary oocyte?

Answer 101

One secondary oocyte + one polar body

Question 102

Starting with the testis, trace the path of sperm through the male reproductive tract.

Answer 102

Testis Epididymis Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra

Question 103

Which is the innermost layer of the uterus?

Answer 103

endometrium

Question 104

Where does fertilization typically take place?

Answer 104

uterine tubes

Question 105

Which form of cell division is exclusively used to increasing the germ cell pool?

Answer 105

meiosis

Question 106

Which form of cell division is exclusively used to increasing the germ cell pool?

Answer 106

meiosis

Question 107

True or False: Oogenesis becomes arrested in meiosis I before birth.

Answer 107

true

Question 108

During oogenesis, when does a primary oocyte undergo Meiosis I?

Answer 108

during ovulation

Question 109

Which part of the male reproductive tract delivers sperm to the ductus deferens?

Answer 109

epididymis

Question 110

From gonad to expulsion, trace the path of sperm through the male reproductive tract.

Answer 110

Testis Epididymis Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra

Question 111

What is the function of the epididymis?

Answer 111

sperm maturation and storage

Question 112

Which cell is responsible for germ cell development and phagocytosis of apoptotic germ cells?

Answer 112

Sertoli cells

Question 113

Leydig cells ...

Answer 113

secrete testosterone

Question 114

Which energy molecule is secreted by the seminal vesicle and used by sperm as its fuel source?

Question 115

Match the seminal plasma component to its correct function.

Answer 115

Fructose -Fuel for sperm hCap-18 -Kills bacteria Prostate-specific antigen -Protects against the immune response

Question 116

Which of the following male accessory sex gland normally produces a urethral lubricant during sexual intercourse?

Answer 116

Bulbourethral glands

Question 117

Match the description on the left to the correct gland on the right

Answer 117

Secretes neutralizing substance -Bulbourethral Gland Secretes anti-bacterial agents -Prostate Gland Forms most of seminal fluid -Seminal Vesicle

Question 118

Match the organ to its function

Answer 118

Testis -Gamete production Epididymis -Sperm maturation and storage Vas deferens -Sperm transportation Seminal vesicle -Produces seminal plasma Ejaculatory duct -Site of semen mixing

Question 119

The two compartments of erectile tissue dorsal to the urethra are which of the following?

Answer 119

corpus cavernosa

Question 120

________ is the erectile tissue that contains the urethra.

Answer 120

corpus spongiousum

Question 121

Which of the following statements correctly describes the scrotum?

Answer 121

When external temperatures rise, the dartos muscle relaxes and testicular temperature falls.

Question 122

What is the main function of the uterus?

Answer 122

Receive, retain, and nourish fetus

Question 123

Which of the following is a function of the vagina?

Answer 123

Discharge of menstrual fluid

Question 124

Where does fertilization typically take place?

Answer 124

Uterine tubes

Question 125

Where is the site of implantation?

Answer 125

Endometrium

Question 126

In which region of the ovary would you find a primordial follicle?

Answer 126

cortex

Question 127

Which cells are highly mitotic responsible for maintenance and maturation of oocytes during folliculogenesis?

Answer 127

Granulosa cells

Question 128

Place the following structures/events in order.

Answer 128

Primordial follicle Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Oocyte ejected during ovulation Corpus luteum Corpus albicans

Question 129

Leydig cells that surround the seminiferous tubule secrete what hormone that promotes spermatogenesis

Answer 129

testerone

Question 130

Sort the follow events of hormonal regulation of gametogenesis.

Answer 130

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system into the anterior pituitary Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are released and enter circulation Gametogenesis is stimulated in the gonads

Question 131

Select all the hormones that are involved in the stimulation and regulation of spermatogenesis.

Answer 131

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testosterone Inhibin

Question 132

From what structure does the corpus luteum originate?

Answer 132

dominant follicle

Question 133

Estrogen is produced by:

Answer 133

the granulosa cells of the follicle

Question 134

The function of estrogen in the female reproductive cycle is to:

Answer 134

Promote growth of the endometrial lining during the Proliferative Phase

Question 135

Which of the following is the first phase of the uterine cycle?

Answer 135

Menstrual phase

Question 136

For each event listed below, choose the most appropriate phase of the uterine cycle.

Answer 136

When the inner lining of the uterus is sloughed off -Menstrual Phase Rebuilding of the uterine lining that's directed by progesterone -Secretory Phase Rebuilding of the uterine lining that's directed by estrogen -Proliferative Phase

Question 137

Which hormone is the dominant hormone during the follicular phase?

Answer 137

Estrogen

Question 138

Which of the following is characteristic of the male climacteric?

Answer 138

- diminished testosterone levels