Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a+p2 > lecture unit #5 > Flashcards

lecture unit #5 Flashcards

1
Q

T OR F: Following the movement of fluid through the nephron, fluid is then directed into the collecting duct then toward the renal cortex.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T OR F: The urethra carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells found in the collecting duct of the nephron, adjust urine in order to maintain the body’s water, Na+, and K+ balance?

A

principal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The collecting ducts of the kidneys would be found in which structure?

A

renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What pressure drives filtration?

A

Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (GBHP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What vessels drain directly into the glomerulus?

A

afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Given the following information, answer the question below:

What is the net filtration pressure given:

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure: 40mmHg

Capsular hydrostatic pressure: 10mmHg

Blood colloid osmotic pressure: 25mmHg

A

5 mmHg out of the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If a substance is transported from the renal tubule to the peritubular capillary, then ________ has occurred.

A

reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T OR F: High blood pressure would trigger the release of renin.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T OR F:

A

The first step of urine formation is filtration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T or F: Increased GFR would result in increased urine production.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In a state of low blood osmolarity, thirst will…

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When blood volume is low, water reabsorption would:

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Select the correct order for the pathway sperm cells travel in the male reproductive system

A

Testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Each oocyte (egg cell) matures in:

A

follcile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes both ________ and __________.

A

LH; FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Progesterone levels are high during:

A

luteal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The corpus luteum appears:

A

after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The uterus sheds part of the ____________ during a standard menstrual cycle.

A

endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which of the following options correctly lists the sequence of glands that sperm would encounter as they travel from the testes to the penis?

A

Seminal vesicle > prostate gland > bulbourethral gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What hormone is secreted during the uterine cycle as a result of the presence of the corpus luteum and prepares the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy?

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which of the following are functions of the renal system?

A

Blood pH homeostasis

Excretion of excess K^+

Formation of urine

Blood pressure regulation

Synthesis of erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

All of the materials in urine that are excreted from the body are filtered from:

A

the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Match each organ of the renal system to a description of its function.

A

Kidney
- Filters blood to produce urine
Urethra
- Carries urine to outside the body
Ureter
- Collects urine from a kidney
Urinary bladder
- Stores urine prior to excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Arrange the regions of the kidney in the order from superficial to deep.

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Organize the structures of the urinary system in the order of urine flow, beginning with the collecting duct.

A

Collecting duct
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do the ureters do?

A

Transport urine to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure and function of the ureter epithelium?

A

The ureter has a transitional epithelium to allow for distension.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Arrange the following arteries in order of blood flow from the aorta toward a glomerulus.

A

Renal artery
Segmental artery
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which portion of the kidney is responsible for urine formation?

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which of the following structures delivers blood to the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Select all the components of a nephron.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which of the following puts the provided components of a nephron in order?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which region of the renal tubule is the most active in terms of filtrate processing?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the components of the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Arrange the following in the order of filtrate flow.

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which of the following describes the function of intercalated cells?

A

Intercalated cells adjust the urine to manage the body’s acid-base balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Match each cell type to a description of its function.

A

Principal cells
-Fine-tune the Na^+¸ K^+¸ and water content of the urine.
Intercalated cells
-Regulate the amount of HCO_3^- and H^+ in the urine in order to maintain the body’s acid–base balance.
Macula densa cells
-Monitor and respond to the Na^+ and Cl^- contents of the filtrate.
Granular cells
-Produce and secrete variable amounts of renin based on the blood pressure within afferent arterioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which of the following is a pool of fluids in the human body? (Select all the apply)

A

Interstital

Intravascular

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

T or F: Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid are identical in their composition.

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In a person at rest, most of the fluid loss within the body is due to:

A

urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

T OR F: Water moves between fluid compartments toward the area with higher osmolarity.

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Which mechanism for fluid loss would display the greatest increase during the fight or flight response?

A

SWEATING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Arrange the following in the order a red blood cell would flow.

A

Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Arrange the following in the order of filtrate flow.

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Organize the structures of the urinary system in the order of urine flow.

A

Collecting duct
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Arrange the following in the order a red blood cell would flow.

A

Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Arrange the following in the order of filtrate flow.

A

Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Descending limb of the nephron loop
Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Organize the structures of the urinary system in the order of urine flow beginning with the collecting duct.

A

Collecting duct
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

In the nephron, __________ occur(s) in the renal corpuscle, while __________ occur(s) in the renal tubules.

A

Filtration, reabsorption and secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The renal filtration barrier ___________.

A

Is composed of podocytes with slits that surround fenestrated capillary endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Arrange the components of the filtration barrier in order, from the capillary lumen to the capsular space

A

Capillary endothelium
Fused basement membrane
Podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which of the following best describes the relative permeability of the capillary endothelium in the glomerulus?

A

Allows anything smaller than a cell to pass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Select the components that make up “filtrate” in a healthy person.

A

Water

Ions

Amino Acids

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure will always…

A

Push out of the blood to the capsule

57
Q

Which of the following forces promotes filtration?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

58
Q

What is the NFP of a nephron with the following pressures:

glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure of 73 mm Hg (out)
blood colloid osmotic pressure of 30 mm Hg (in)
capsular hydrostatic pressure of 5 mm Hg (in)?

A

38.0

59
Q

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure.

Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 16 mmHg
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 60 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 29 mmHg.

A

15 mm HG

60
Q

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure.

Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 32 mmHg
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 49 mmHg

A

1 mm Hg (into Bowman’s capsule)

61
Q

Which of the following would cause an decrease in net filtration pressure?

A

Decrease in glomerular capillary blood pressure

62
Q

The efferent arterioles move blood __ the glomerulus and afferent arterioles move blood ____ the glomerulus.

A

out of; into

63
Q

__________ is altered to regulate glomerular filtration rate.

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

64
Q

What would the effect of constricting the afferent arteriole be on blood flow into the glomerulus?

A

decrease

65
Q

What would the effect of constricting the afferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

decrease

66
Q

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

increase

67
Q

Predict how glomerular filtration rate would change if the glomerular efferent arteriole was vasodilated and everything else stayed the same.

A

It would decrease.

68
Q

If blood pressure were to increase during a workout, this would lead to an increase in GFR. Which of the following would occur to resist the increase in GFR?

A

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole

69
Q

Assuming nothing else changes, which of the following causes decreased glomerular filtration rate?

A

Increased albumin levels in the blood

70
Q

Low net filtration pressure (NFP) will cause granular cells to act as a ____________ which will act on the _______________.

A

Vasodilator…afferent arteriole

71
Q

What characteristics must a substance possess in order for its renal clearance rate to be used to measure glomerular filtration rate? (hint: Select Two)

A

It must be able to freely pass through the filtration membrane

It must NOT be reabsorbed or secreted by cells of the renal tubules.

72
Q

The renal clearance of inulin is equal to GFR. Based on the values below, calculate GFR.
.
Inulin concentration in urine = 125 mg
Inulin concentration in blood plasma = 2 mg/mL
Rate of urine formation = 4 mL/min

A

250 mL/min

73
Q

The renal clearance of inulin is equal to GFR. Based on the values below, calculate GFR.
.
Inulin concentration in urine = 100 mg
Inulin concentration in blood plasma = 2 mg/mL
Rate of urine formation = 4 mL/min

A

200 mL/min

74
Q

In a healthy individual, nearly all glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. Using this information, what is the renal clearance of glucose?

A

close to zero

75
Q

Which of the following forces moves fluid out of the glomerulus?

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

76
Q

Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure.

Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 18 mmHg
Blood colloid osmotic pressure = 32 mmHg
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure = 51 mmHg

A

1 mm Hg (out of the glomerulus)

77
Q

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on net filtration pressure (NFP)?

A

Increase

78
Q

What would the effect of constricting the efferent arteriole be on glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

A

Increase

79
Q

When pressure in the glomerulus is high, GFR is high. How would the afferent and efferent arterioles respond to maintain a stable GFR?

A

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole

Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole

80
Q

Match the definition to the correct term on the right.

A

When substances travel from the nephron to a nearby blood vessel
-Reabsorption
When substances are pushed out of the glomerulus into the renal corpuscle
-Filtration
When substances travel from a blood vessel to a nearby nephron
-Secretion

81
Q

Which of the following would cause urine to become more concentrated?

A

The removal of water

The addition of solutes

82
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule:

A

is the site of glucose reabsorption.

83
Q

The __________ is found in the medulla, and is permeable to water.

A

Descending limb of the loop of Henle

84
Q

Where is the concentration of solutes outside the nephron the highest?

A

Lower medulla

85
Q

If H+ ions are secreted into the nephron, urine will become more:

A

acidic

86
Q

As more HCO3- is reabsorbed into the blood, the blood would become more:

A

Alkaline

87
Q

The osmotic gradient within the renal medulla is maintained by the relationship between…

A

The nephron loop and medulla

88
Q

A positive feedback mechanism called countercurrent multiplication drives reabsorption of water and solutes in the nephron loop. Match each part of the mechanism’s name, to the feature it describes.

A

Countercurrent
Filtrate moves away from the cortex in the descending limb and towards the cortex in the ascending limb.
Multiplication
The gradient between filtrate and peritubular fluid increases as filtrate moves through the nephron loop.

89
Q

Match the objective to the scenario provided.

A

High blood volume
-Decrease water retention
Low blood volume
-increase water retention
High blood osmolarity
-Increase water retention
Low blood osmolarity
-Decrease water retention

90
Q

Which of the following hormones is commonly referred to as the “salt retaining hormone”?

A

aldosterone

91
Q

Which of the following would be an effect of aldosterone?

A

Increased water retention

92
Q

Aldosterone causes sodium retention, which causes water retention. What other hormone has a similar effect of increasing water retention?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

93
Q

Which 2 hormones directly affect the dilation and constriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Angiotensin II

94
Q

Both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and decreased secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) decrease water retention. Which of the following best describes how atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) accomplishes this objective.

A

Dilates afferent arteriole

95
Q

During periods of high osmolarity, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) secretion ________ , causing urine output is known to __________.

A

increases, decrease

96
Q

Which form of cell division is exclusively used to increasing the germ cell pool?

A

Meiosis

97
Q

Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding the process of meiosis? (select all that apply)

A

Ends with 4 daughter cells

Goes through the stages of PMAT twice

Increases genetic diversity

98
Q

T OR F:Mature spermatozoa have 46 chromosomes total.

A

false (23)

99
Q

When do the oogonia undergo mitosis?

A

before birth

100
Q

T OR F: Oogenesis becomes arrested in meiosis I before birth

A

true

101
Q

What is the outcome of meiosis I per single primary oocyte?

A

One secondary oocyte + one polar body

102
Q

Starting with the testis, trace the path of sperm through the male reproductive tract.

A

Testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

103
Q

Which is the innermost layer of the uterus?

A

endometrium

104
Q

Where does fertilization typically take place?

A

uterine tubes

105
Q

Which form of cell division is exclusively used to increasing the germ cell pool?

A

meiosis

106
Q

Which form of cell division is exclusively used to increasing the germ cell pool?

A

meiosis

107
Q

True or False: Oogenesis becomes arrested in meiosis I before birth.

A

true

108
Q

During oogenesis, when does a primary oocyte undergo Meiosis I?

A

during ovulation

109
Q

Which part of the male reproductive tract delivers sperm to the ductus deferens?

A

epididymis

110
Q

From gonad to expulsion, trace the path of sperm through the male reproductive tract.

A

Testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

111
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

sperm maturation and storage

112
Q

Which cell is responsible for germ cell development and phagocytosis of apoptotic germ cells?

A

Sertoli cells

113
Q

Leydig cells …

A

secrete testosterone

114
Q

Which energy molecule is secreted by the seminal vesicle and used by sperm as its fuel source?

A
115
Q

Match the seminal plasma component to its correct function.

A

Fructose
-Fuel for sperm
hCap-18
-Kills bacteria
Prostate-specific antigen
-Protects against the immune response

116
Q

Which of the following male accessory sex gland normally produces a urethral lubricant during sexual intercourse?

A

Bulbourethral glands

117
Q

Match the description on the left to the correct gland on the right

A

Secretes neutralizing substance
-Bulbourethral Gland
Secretes anti-bacterial agents
-Prostate Gland
Forms most of seminal fluid
-Seminal Vesicle

118
Q

Match the organ to its function

A

Testis
-Gamete production
Epididymis
-Sperm maturation and storage
Vas deferens
-Sperm transportation
Seminal vesicle
-Produces seminal plasma
Ejaculatory duct
-Site of semen mixing

119
Q

The two compartments of erectile tissue dorsal to the urethra are which of the following?

A

corpus cavernosa

120
Q

________ is the erectile tissue that contains the urethra.

A

corpus spongiousum

121
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the scrotum?

A

When external temperatures rise, the dartos muscle relaxes and testicular temperature falls.

122
Q

What is the main function of the uterus?

A

Receive, retain, and nourish fetus

123
Q

Which of the following is a function of the vagina?

A

Discharge of menstrual fluid

124
Q

Where does fertilization typically take place?

A

Uterine tubes

125
Q

Where is the site of implantation?

A

Endometrium

126
Q

In which region of the ovary would you find a primordial follicle?

A

cortex

127
Q

Which cells are highly mitotic responsible for maintenance and maturation of oocytes during folliculogenesis?

A

Granulosa cells

128
Q

Place the following structures/events in order.

A

Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Secondary follicle
Tertiary follicle
Oocyte ejected during ovulation
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans

129
Q

Leydig cells that surround the seminiferous tubule secrete what hormone that promotes spermatogenesis

A

testerone

130
Q

Sort the follow events of hormonal regulation of gametogenesis.

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system into the anterior pituitary
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are released and enter circulation
Gametogenesis is stimulated in the gonads

131
Q

Select all the hormones that are involved in the stimulation and regulation of spermatogenesis.

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Testosterone

Inhibin

132
Q

From what structure does the corpus luteum originate?

A

dominant follicle

133
Q

Estrogen is produced by:

A

the granulosa cells of the follicle

134
Q

The function of estrogen in the female reproductive cycle is to:

A

Promote growth of the endometrial lining during the Proliferative Phase

135
Q

Which of the following is the first phase of the uterine cycle?

A

Menstrual phase

136
Q

For each event listed below, choose the most appropriate phase of the uterine cycle.

A

When the inner lining of the uterus is sloughed off
-Menstrual Phase
Rebuilding of the uterine lining that’s directed by progesterone
-Secretory Phase
Rebuilding of the uterine lining that’s directed by estrogen
-Proliferative Phase

137
Q

Which hormone is the dominant hormone during the follicular phase?

A

Estrogen

138
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of the male climacteric?

A
  • diminished testosterone levels

a+p2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions