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a+p2 > lecture unit#4 > Flashcards

lecture unit#4 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen within the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

chief cells

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2
Q

True or False: Segmentation propels a bolus forward along the GI tract, while peristalsis allows ingested food to be mixed with secretions of the GI tract.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Pepsinogen converts to pepsin as a result of contact with which of the following?

A

hydrochloric acid

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4
Q

Increased production of gastrin from the __________ cells, would cause pepsinogen to be converted to pepsin at a ________ rate.

A

g cells; faster

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5
Q

Which of the following places the layers of the small intestine in the correct sequence, starting from the lumen?

A

mucosa > submucosa > muscularis externa > serosa

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6
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion causes the simplification (break down) of the molecular structure of food.

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7
Q

As chyme is liquified in the stomach, it will begin to spill out of the stomach and into the ____________.

A

small intestine

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8
Q

Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?

A

Trypsin

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The stomach is the primary site of carbohydrate digestion.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Which structure releases the hormone secretin into the bloodstream?
Correct!

A

duodenum

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11
Q

The function of bile is:

A

To digest lipids in the small intestine.

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Polysaccharides are considered to be a type of complex protein.

A

FALSE

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13
Q

monosacharide:
disachharide:
polysacharide:

A

1
2
3

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14
Q

Which of the following a function of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, absorption, defecation

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15
Q

Place the following digestive tract structures in the order they would be encountered by an ingested food molecule.

A

Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon

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16
Q

Match the digestive organ with the function of the organ with respect to the digestive system.

A

Gallbladder- Storage and secretion of bile
Small Intestine- Nutrient and water absorption; Major site of digestion
Large Intestine- Water absorption
Liver- Production of bile
Pancreas- Secretion of sodium bicarbonate

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17
Q

Place the following structures in the correct sequence from deep to superficial, starting from the LUMEN of the small intestine.

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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18
Q

What type of contraction pushes food through the digestive tract?

A

peristalsis

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19
Q

Peristalsis differs from segmentation in that:

A

Peristalsis pushes food through the digestive system, segmentation promotes mixing.

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20
Q

Match the organ with the correct method of digestion that takes place in that organ.

A

Oral cavity- Both mechanical and chemical digestion
Stomach- Both mechanical and chemical digestion
Duodenum- Chemical digestion
Jejunum- Chemical digestion

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21
Q

In the oral cavity ___________ digestion takes place due to the presence of __________.

A

Chemical; salivary amalyase

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22
Q

__________ digestion begins in the oral cavity primarily by salivary amylase

A

CARBOHYDRATE

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23
Q

Aside from the passage of food, what is the role of the pharynx?

A

To act as a pathway for ventilation

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24
Q

Order the phases of swallowing by matching them with the appropriate number (beginning with

A
  1. Pharyngeal ohase
  2. Epliglottis Bends
  3. Esophageal Phase
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25
Q

Bolus leaves the esophagus and enters the stomach to begin its transformation into ____ .

A

chyme

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26
Q

Which of the following is not a normal function of the stomach?

A

Absorption of amino acids

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27
Q

Select the two substances produced in the gastric pit of the stomach.

A

Mucus

Hydrochloric acid

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28
Q

Match the cells found in the gastric pit with their secretions.

A

Chief cells-Pepsinogen
Parietal cells-HCl
Enterochromaffin cells (ECL)-Histamine
G cells- Gastrin

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29
Q

In order to break down protein, pepsinogen needs to be activated by what?

A

Hydrochloric Acid

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30
Q

How do hydrogen ions move from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach?

A

active transport

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31
Q

Which of the following signal parietal cells to produce HCl?

A

gastrin & histamine

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32
Q

What is the “alkaline tide”?

A

HCO3- moves into the bloodstream in exchange for Cl- moving into the lumen, increasing blood pH

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33
Q

You take a bite from a delicious chocolate bar. Which of the following statements is TRUE during this process?

A

Chemical digestion by salivary amylase begins in the oral cavity.

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34
Q

What type of contraction mixes food in the digestive tract?

A

segmentation

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35
Q

The alkaline tide is caused by an increase in __________ in the __________.

A

Bicarbonate ions; blood stream

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36
Q

Which organ is the site of the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A

small intestine

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37
Q

Where do the intestines receive secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder?

A

Duodenum

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38
Q

chyme moves {______} through the small intestine because {______} .

A

Slowly; the frequency of segmentation contractions is high in this region

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39
Q

In response to stretch/distension of the duodenum:

A

Gastric contractions decrease.

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40
Q

Which of the following is NOT secreted by the duodenum?

A

bile

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41
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by __________ and stimulates secretion of the ________.

A

Small intestine, gallbladder

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42
Q

Blocking the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) would result in:

A

continued motility in the stomach.

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43
Q

The pancreatic duct brings pancreatic juice into which part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

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44
Q

Match the following molecules with its function.

A

Trypsin & Chymotrypsin- Digestion of proteins into smaller peptides
Carboxypeptidase- Cleaves peptides into single amino acids
Lipases- Works with bile salts to digest fats
Pancreatic Amylase- Carbohydrate digestion
HCO3-Acts as a buffer to neutralize pH

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45
Q

liver produces

A

bile

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46
Q

What two secretions are necessary for the digestion of triglycerides?

A

Liver bile salts and lipases

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47
Q

A patient in an examination room complains of severe diarrhea when eating fatty foods. A clinical work-up reveals that he is not digesting dietary lipids. This suggests a disorder in the _______________.

A

gallbladder

48
Q

The small pouches that give the large intestine its segmented appearance are called:

A

haustra

49
Q

Place the structures in the correct order.

A

Cecum
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum

50
Q

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

A

Water absorption

51
Q

Which of the following is absorbed along with water in the large intestine?

A

Vitamins

52
Q

Which of the following is under voluntary control?

A

external anal sphincter

53
Q

Match each of the following digestive tract structures with its general function.

A

Oral cavity- Contains salivary glands
Duodenum- Major site of digestion
Large intestine- Major site of water absorption
Esophagus- Connects pharynx to stomach
Stomach- Begins enzymatic digestion of proteins
Pharynx- Connects mouth to esophagus
Rectum- Terminal end large intestine

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The oral cavity only chemically digests food.

A

FALSE

55
Q

During which phase of swallowing does the bolus enter the stomach?

A

Esophageal phase

56
Q

Match each anatomical feature with where it can be found in the digestive tract.

A

Oblique muscle layer -Stomach
Hexagonal lobules -Liver
Plicae - Small intestines
Teniae coli - Colon
Islets of Langerhans -Pancreas
Sphincter of Oddi -Common bile duct
Skeletal muscle - Upper esophagus

57
Q

Describe the role of saliva in digestion.

A

Saliva starts enzymatic digestion in the mouth.

58
Q

Mastication is a form of __________.

A

Mechanical digestion

59
Q

Compare the functioning of the gastric pit to the mucosal layer in the stomach.

A

The gastric pit secretes acid and enzymes, while the mucosal layer provides protection to the stomach surface.

60
Q

How does hydrochloric acid facilitate the function of pepsin?

A

Hydrochloric acid provides an acidic environment for pepsinogen activation.

61
Q

Which statement is FALSE concerning the hormone gastrin?

A

Its release results in a decrease in HCl secretion by parietal cells.

62
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with bile?

A

Synthesis in gall bladder

63
Q

In a micelle surrounding a fat droplet, the __________ faces inward whereas the __________ faces outward.

A

Hydrophobic tail; hydrophilic head

64
Q

Which of the following structures contains a “brush border”?

A

Small Intestine

65
Q

Which of the following is NOT found in pancreatic secretions?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

66
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) performs which of the following functions?

A

Increased pancreatic secretions into the duodenum

Increased bile secretion into the duodenum

Decreased gastric contractions

67
Q

At what point along the digestive tract are pancreatic secretions and bile mixed with chyme?

A

duodenum

68
Q

Which of the following is true about bile?

A

Bile salts work with lipases to digest lipids.

69
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the role of bicarbonate in the small intestine?

A

HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to make the duodenum more alkaline

70
Q

HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to make the duodenum more alkaline

A

Carbohydrate -Macronutrient
Mineral -Micronutrient
Lipid -Macronutrient
Water -Macronutrient
Protein - Macronutrient

71
Q

Do we get energy from vitamins and minerals?

A

No

72
Q

How much energy is stored in one gram of glucose?

A

4kcal

73
Q

How many Calories/gram do each of these nutrients provide?

A

Carbohydrates
4
Protein
4
Lipids
9

74
Q

T OR F

A

Nutrients consume energy
False
Nutrients help breakdown the structural components of cells and tissues
False
Nutrients can be co-factors for enzymes
True

75
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

A calorie indicates how much energy a consumable food provides

76
Q

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

A

maltose

76
Q

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

A

maltose

77
Q

How many ATP are yielded from 1 glucose molecule?

A

36

78
Q

What type of fiber dissolves in water and slows the absorption of lipids and carbohydrates?

A

soluble

79
Q

Which hormone would respond after eating a breakfast with high sugar content?

A

insulin

80
Q

Which of the following is TRUE?

A

When carbohydrates are limited in the diet, the body will use fatty acids for fuel.

81
Q

The ability to act as an emulsifier is a quality of which type of lipid?

A

phospholipids

82
Q

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
Select an answer a

A

The visible fat that you see in the thick white part of bacon is saturated fat.

83
Q

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A

Phospholipids have three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone.

84
Q

Which of the following is the main delivery system for cholesterol to body cells?

A

Low-density lipoproteins

85
Q

match lipoprotein to it’s description

A

Chylomicrons
Transport lipids from the small intestine to the bloodstream
Low-Density Liporproteins (LDL)
Primary transport of cholesterol to body cells. “Bad Cholesterol”
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Pick up cholesterol from the body’s cells and transport it to the liver for recycling. “Good Cholesterol”

86
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?

A

Primary energy source for metabolism

87
Q

Which of the following letters is NOT a vitamin?

A

P

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body with water.

A

FALSE

89
Q

Which of the following vitamins is a fat soluble vitamin?

A

VITAMIN K

90
Q

Which of the following statements regarding vitamins is CORRECT?

A

The amount of vitamins in our food can vary depending on the source, storage, and/or preparation of that food.

91
Q

Which of the following statements is(are) true regarding minerals?

A

Minerals like calcium phosphorus and magnesium are found in bone matrix

Electrolytes are charged ions that maintain fluid balance

Sodium potassium and chloride are electrolytes used for action potentials in the nervous system

92
Q

Glycogenolysis is an example of a(n) ___ reaction.

A

CATABOLIC

93
Q

Glucose uptake into muscle and adipose cells ________.

A

increased by insulin

Is decreased by glucagon

94
Q

In the post-absorptive phase:

A

Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis.

95
Q

Given the metabolic effects of insulin, its secretion would INHIBIT which of these processes

A

Glycogenolysis

96
Q

Which of the following occurs in the body during the post-absorptive state?

A

Glucose exits cells

Lipolysis occurs

97
Q

During an oxidation reaction ________.

A

A molecule contributes electrons to another molecule

98
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation reactions occur? (hint: think about what produces ATP)

A

In cells with mitochondria

99
Q

1 molecule of glucose produces ________ ATP through aerobic cellular respiration.

A

36

100
Q

NAD is classified as what?

A

coenzyme

101
Q

During the entire process of glycolysis, how many TOTAL ATP are created?

A

4.0

102
Q

At the end of glycolysis, how many NET ATP molecules are gained?

A

2.0

103
Q

The process of phosphorylating glucose to convert it to glucose 6-phosphate requires the hydrolyzation of ATP.

A

TRUE

104
Q

Place the steps of glycolysis in the correct order.

A

Energy investment
Cleavage
Energy harvesting

105
Q

The process of glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose would produce:

A

2 NADH

2 ATP

2 Pyruvate

106
Q

During Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate must combine with an acetyl group to form:

A

Acetyl CoA
Acetyl coenzyme A

107
Q

Oxidation of the 2 pyruvate made in glycolysis results in:

A

2 CO2

2 NADH

2 Acetyl CoA

108
Q

Regarding the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle):

A

Coenzyme A (CoA) shuttles an acetyl group into the mitochondria.

109
Q

In order to begin the Kreb’s Cycle, Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form what?

A

Citric acid

110
Q

In the Kreb’s Cycle, 1 Acetyl CoA results in:

A

2 CO2

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 ATP

111
Q

Compare the functioning of glycolysis to the Kreb’s Cycle (TCA) cycle in cellular metabolism.

A

During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate; during the Kreb’s cycle, acetyl-CoA is converted to CO_2.

112
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

113
Q

The electron transport chain DIRECTLY uses which of the following to generate ATP?

A

FADH2+

NADH

114
Q

How many ATP are made from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32

115
Q

What is the process that your body will default to after glycolysis if there is not enough oxygen present?What is the process that your body will default to after glycolysis if there is not enough oxygen present?

A

fermentation

116
Q

Match the metabolic process to the macronutrient.

A

Carbohydrates -glycolysis
Lipids -beta oxidation
Proteins - deamination

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