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lecture unit#4 Flashcards

1
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen within the gastric pits of the stomach?

A

chief cells

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2
Q

True or False: Segmentation propels a bolus forward along the GI tract, while peristalsis allows ingested food to be mixed with secretions of the GI tract.

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Pepsinogen converts to pepsin as a result of contact with which of the following?

A

hydrochloric acid

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4
Q

Increased production of gastrin from the __________ cells, would cause pepsinogen to be converted to pepsin at a ________ rate.

A

g cells; faster

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5
Q

Which of the following places the layers of the small intestine in the correct sequence, starting from the lumen?

A

mucosa > submucosa > muscularis externa > serosa

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6
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion causes the simplification (break down) of the molecular structure of food.

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7
Q

As chyme is liquified in the stomach, it will begin to spill out of the stomach and into the ____________.

A

small intestine

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8
Q

Which of these is involved in the chemical digestion of protein?

A

Trypsin

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9
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The stomach is the primary site of carbohydrate digestion.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Which structure releases the hormone secretin into the bloodstream?
Correct!

A

duodenum

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11
Q

The function of bile is:

A

To digest lipids in the small intestine.

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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Polysaccharides are considered to be a type of complex protein.

A

FALSE

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13
Q

monosacharide:
disachharide:
polysacharide:

A

1
2
3

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14
Q

Which of the following a function of the digestive system?

A

ingestion, absorption, defecation

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15
Q

Place the following digestive tract structures in the order they would be encountered by an ingested food molecule.

A

Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon

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16
Q

Match the digestive organ with the function of the organ with respect to the digestive system.

A

Gallbladder- Storage and secretion of bile
Small Intestine- Nutrient and water absorption; Major site of digestion
Large Intestine- Water absorption
Liver- Production of bile
Pancreas- Secretion of sodium bicarbonate

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17
Q

Place the following structures in the correct sequence from deep to superficial, starting from the LUMEN of the small intestine.

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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18
Q

What type of contraction pushes food through the digestive tract?

A

peristalsis

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19
Q

Peristalsis differs from segmentation in that:

A

Peristalsis pushes food through the digestive system, segmentation promotes mixing.

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20
Q

Match the organ with the correct method of digestion that takes place in that organ.

A

Oral cavity- Both mechanical and chemical digestion
Stomach- Both mechanical and chemical digestion
Duodenum- Chemical digestion
Jejunum- Chemical digestion

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21
Q

In the oral cavity ___________ digestion takes place due to the presence of __________.

A

Chemical; salivary amalyase

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22
Q

__________ digestion begins in the oral cavity primarily by salivary amylase

A

CARBOHYDRATE

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23
Q

Aside from the passage of food, what is the role of the pharynx?

A

To act as a pathway for ventilation

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24
Q

Order the phases of swallowing by matching them with the appropriate number (beginning with

A
  1. Pharyngeal ohase
  2. Epliglottis Bends
  3. Esophageal Phase
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25
Bolus leaves the esophagus and enters the stomach to begin its transformation into ____ .
chyme
26
Which of the following is not a normal function of the stomach?
Absorption of amino acids
27
Select the two substances produced in the gastric pit of the stomach.
Mucus Hydrochloric acid
28
Match the cells found in the gastric pit with their secretions.
Chief cells-Pepsinogen Parietal cells-HCl Enterochromaffin cells (ECL)-Histamine G cells- Gastrin
29
In order to break down protein, pepsinogen needs to be activated by what?
Hydrochloric Acid
30
How do hydrogen ions move from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach?
active transport
31
Which of the following signal parietal cells to produce HCl?
gastrin & histamine
32
What is the "alkaline tide"?
HCO3- moves into the bloodstream in exchange for Cl- moving into the lumen, increasing blood pH
33
You take a bite from a delicious chocolate bar. Which of the following statements is TRUE during this process?
Chemical digestion by salivary amylase begins in the oral cavity.
34
What type of contraction mixes food in the digestive tract?
segmentation
35
The alkaline tide is caused by an increase in __________ in the __________.
Bicarbonate ions; blood stream
36
Which organ is the site of the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients?
small intestine
37
Where do the intestines receive secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder?
Duodenum
38
chyme moves {______} through the small intestine because {______} .
Slowly; the frequency of segmentation contractions is high in this region
39
In response to stretch/distension of the duodenum:
Gastric contractions decrease.
40
Which of the following is NOT secreted by the duodenum?
bile
41
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by __________ and stimulates secretion of the ________.
Small intestine, gallbladder
42
Blocking the function of cholecystokinin (CCK) would result in:
continued motility in the stomach.
43
The pancreatic duct brings pancreatic juice into which part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
44
Match the following molecules with its function.
Trypsin & Chymotrypsin- Digestion of proteins into smaller peptides Carboxypeptidase- Cleaves peptides into single amino acids Lipases- Works with bile salts to digest fats Pancreatic Amylase- Carbohydrate digestion HCO3-Acts as a buffer to neutralize pH
45
liver produces
bile
46
What two secretions are necessary for the digestion of triglycerides?
Liver bile salts and lipases
47
A patient in an examination room complains of severe diarrhea when eating fatty foods. A clinical work-up reveals that he is not digesting dietary lipids. This suggests a disorder in the _______________.
gallbladder
48
The small pouches that give the large intestine its segmented appearance are called:
haustra
49
Place the structures in the correct order.
Cecum Ascending Colon Transverse Colon Descending Colon Sigmoid Colon Rectum
50
Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
Water absorption
51
Which of the following is absorbed along with water in the large intestine?
Vitamins
52
Which of the following is under voluntary control?
external anal sphincter
53
Match each of the following digestive tract structures with its general function.
Oral cavity- Contains salivary glands Duodenum- Major site of digestion Large intestine- Major site of water absorption Esophagus- Connects pharynx to stomach Stomach- Begins enzymatic digestion of proteins Pharynx- Connects mouth to esophagus Rectum- Terminal end large intestine
54
TRUE OR FALSE: The oral cavity only chemically digests food.
FALSE
55
During which phase of swallowing does the bolus enter the stomach?
Esophageal phase
56
Match each anatomical feature with where it can be found in the digestive tract.
Oblique muscle layer -Stomach Hexagonal lobules -Liver Plicae - Small intestines Teniae coli - Colon Islets of Langerhans -Pancreas Sphincter of Oddi -Common bile duct Skeletal muscle - Upper esophagus
57
Describe the role of saliva in digestion.
Saliva starts enzymatic digestion in the mouth.
58
Mastication is a form of __________.
Mechanical digestion
59
Compare the functioning of the gastric pit to the mucosal layer in the stomach.
The gastric pit secretes acid and enzymes, while the mucosal layer provides protection to the stomach surface.
60
How does hydrochloric acid facilitate the function of pepsin?
Hydrochloric acid provides an acidic environment for pepsinogen activation.
61
Which statement is FALSE concerning the hormone gastrin?
Its release results in a decrease in HCl secretion by parietal cells.
62
Which of the following is NOT associated with bile?
Synthesis in gall bladder
63
In a micelle surrounding a fat droplet, the __________ faces inward whereas the __________ faces outward.
Hydrophobic tail; hydrophilic head
64
Which of the following structures contains a "brush border"?
Small Intestine
65
Which of the following is NOT found in pancreatic secretions?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
66
Cholecystokinin (CCK) performs which of the following functions?
Increased pancreatic secretions into the duodenum Increased bile secretion into the duodenum Decreased gastric contractions
67
At what point along the digestive tract are pancreatic secretions and bile mixed with chyme?
duodenum
68
Which of the following is true about bile?
Bile salts work with lipases to digest lipids.
69
Which of the following statements is true about the role of bicarbonate in the small intestine?
HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to make the duodenum more alkaline
70
HCO3- is secreted by the pancreas to make the duodenum more alkaline
Carbohydrate -Macronutrient Mineral -Micronutrient Lipid -Macronutrient Water -Macronutrient Protein - Macronutrient
71
Do we get energy from vitamins and minerals?
No
72
How much energy is stored in one gram of glucose?
4kcal
73
How many Calories/gram do each of these nutrients provide?
Carbohydrates 4 Protein 4 Lipids 9
74
T OR F
Nutrients consume energy False Nutrients help breakdown the structural components of cells and tissues False Nutrients can be co-factors for enzymes True
75
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A calorie indicates how much energy a consumable food provides
76
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
maltose
76
Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?
maltose
77
How many ATP are yielded from 1 glucose molecule?
36
78
What type of fiber dissolves in water and slows the absorption of lipids and carbohydrates?
soluble
79
Which hormone would respond after eating a breakfast with high sugar content?
insulin
80
Which of the following is TRUE?
When carbohydrates are limited in the diet, the body will use fatty acids for fuel.
81
The ability to act as an emulsifier is a quality of which type of lipid?
phospholipids
82
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Select an answer a
The visible fat that you see in the thick white part of bacon is saturated fat.
83
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Phospholipids have three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone.
84
Which of the following is the main delivery system for cholesterol to body cells?
Low-density lipoproteins
85
match lipoprotein to it's description
Chylomicrons Transport lipids from the small intestine to the bloodstream Low-Density Liporproteins (LDL) Primary transport of cholesterol to body cells. "Bad Cholesterol" High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) Pick up cholesterol from the body's cells and transport it to the liver for recycling. "Good Cholesterol"
86
Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins?
Primary energy source for metabolism
87
Which of the following letters is NOT a vitamin?
P
88
TRUE OR FALSE: Water-soluble vitamins are stored in the body with water.
FALSE
89
Which of the following vitamins is a fat soluble vitamin?
VITAMIN K
90
Which of the following statements regarding vitamins is CORRECT?
The amount of vitamins in our food can vary depending on the source, storage, and/or preparation of that food.
91
Which of the following statements is(are) true regarding minerals?
Minerals like calcium phosphorus and magnesium are found in bone matrix Electrolytes are charged ions that maintain fluid balance Sodium potassium and chloride are electrolytes used for action potentials in the nervous system
92
Glycogenolysis is an example of a(n) ___ reaction.
CATABOLIC
93
Glucose uptake into muscle and adipose cells ________.
increased by insulin Is decreased by glucagon
94
In the post-absorptive phase:
Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis.
95
Given the metabolic effects of insulin, its secretion would INHIBIT which of these processes
Glycogenolysis
96
Which of the following occurs in the body during the post-absorptive state?
Glucose exits cells Lipolysis occurs
97
During an oxidation reaction ________.
A molecule contributes electrons to another molecule
98
Where does oxidative phosphorylation reactions occur? (hint: think about what produces ATP)
In cells with mitochondria
99
1 molecule of glucose produces ________ ATP through aerobic cellular respiration.
36
100
NAD is classified as what?
coenzyme
101
During the entire process of glycolysis, how many TOTAL ATP are created?
4.0
102
At the end of glycolysis, how many NET ATP molecules are gained?
2.0
103
The process of phosphorylating glucose to convert it to glucose 6-phosphate requires the hydrolyzation of ATP.
TRUE
104
Place the steps of glycolysis in the correct order.
Energy investment Cleavage Energy harvesting
105
The process of glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose would produce:
2 NADH 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate
106
During Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate must combine with an acetyl group to form:
Acetyl CoA Acetyl coenzyme A
107
Oxidation of the 2 pyruvate made in glycolysis results in:
2 CO2 2 NADH 2 Acetyl CoA
108
Regarding the citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle):
Coenzyme A (CoA) shuttles an acetyl group into the mitochondria.
109
In order to begin the Kreb's Cycle, Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form what?
Citric acid
110
In the Kreb's Cycle, 1 Acetyl CoA results in:
2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 ATP
111
Compare the functioning of glycolysis to the Kreb's Cycle (TCA) cycle in cellular metabolism.
During glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate; during the Kreb's cycle, acetyl-CoA is converted to CO_2.
112
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Inner membrane of the mitochondria
113
The electron transport chain DIRECTLY uses which of the following to generate ATP?
FADH2+ NADH
114
How many ATP are made from oxidative phosphorylation?
32
115
What is the process that your body will default to after glycolysis if there is not enough oxygen present?What is the process that your body will default to after glycolysis if there is not enough oxygen present?
fermentation
116
Match the metabolic process to the macronutrient.
Carbohydrates -glycolysis Lipids -beta oxidation Proteins - deamination

a+p2 (4 decks)

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