Lecture Two: Vertebrate Physiology Flashcards
January 28
What are the adult tissue types?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Vascular
- Muscular
- Nervous
All combine to form organs.
What tissue types are unique to vertebrates? To animals?
- None!
- Muscular and nervous
Integumentary system
Outer layer of the body.
Skeletal system
INTERNAL structure of the body. Cartilaginous, bony, or both.
Muscular system
Voluntary and involuntary muscles contract against the skeleton to move the body.
Digestive system
Breaks down food from the outside environment into their basic components that get absorbed into the system and are carried to the cells of the body usually by the circulatory system.
Respiratory system
Takes in oxygen from the environment while releasing carbon dioxide into the environment.
What role does oxygen play in vertebrate metabolism?
It is the final electron acceptor to convert them into energy.
From this process, CO2 and water are produced.
Why do we need a respiratory system?
Our organisms are too big to survive on diffusion alone.
On what physical property does the respiratory system function?
Diffusion. (high -> low).
Circulatory system
Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, and heat throughout the body. Immune cells also present.
Excretory system
Removed metabolic waste (ammonia, uric acid, urea) from the body, largely via kidneys and liver. Gills/luncgs also important (CO2).
Maintains water balance and regulates ions.
Not the same as elimination (digestive).
Reproductive system
Passing on of genetic material.
Two gametes: sperm, eggs.
Organisms may lay eggs (oviparous) or bear live young (viviparous).
Does not follow typical pattern of increased complication as body plan complicates.
Sensory (nervous) system
Integrates information, senses external events. Nerves in the body. Helps regulate the endocrine system. Fast, rapid responses.
Endocrine system
Regulates and controls various functions with chemicals (hormones) released by endocrine glands. Must have receptors. Helps regulate sensory system. Slower, more long-term responses.
What three parts does the integument consist of?
- Epidermis: Outer layer of dead cells
- Dermis: Middle layer of living cells
- Hypodermis: Lower layer. Very important to avians and mammals (subQ fat insulates body to allow endothermy). Other groups do not have fat here for insulation. Have fat bodies elsewhere for energy!
What are the main purposes of the integument?
- Protects from pathogens, predators, chemicals.
- Exchanges compounds.
- Integrated with NS for sensing environment.
- Secretes products (mucus, poison, sweat).
- Prevents water loss.
- Involved in thermoregulation.
- Sometimes used in respiration.
The skeleton is divided into two parts. What are they?
- Axial: skull, vertebrae
- Appendicular: limbs of the body (gnathostome origin)
What six tissue types can be mineralized in vertebrates?
- Cartilage (axial, appendicular).
- Bone (axial, appendicular).
- Dentine (teeth).
- Enamel (teeth).
- Enameloid (teeth).
- Cementum (teeth).
If you cant have teeth unless you have ______.
Jaws.
If you don’t have jaws, you have tooth-like elements.
What are the three types of muscle? Are they voluntary or involuntary?
- Cardiac (involuntary, smooth and striated)
- Skeletal/striated (voluntary, on skeleton)
- Smooth (involuntary, lines internal organs)
How many planes does muscle work in? What does that mean?
One.
Meaning if you contract your arm, it contracts one muscle and bends it in. If you relax the same muscle, the arm will stay bent. An opposing muscle must be contracted to straighten it again. “Unidirectional.”
What is a good thing to keep in mind when looking at increased complication of body plan?
Increased complication of the muscular system.
What makes up the digestive system?
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (absorption), cecum, large intestine, anus.
