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BZ 214: Vertebrates > Lab Practical Two: Amphibians and Non-Avian Reptiles > Flashcards

Lab Practical Two: Amphibians and Non-Avian Reptiles Flashcards

1
Q

When and from what did tetrapods diverge?

A

Middle Devonian
Sarcopterygii

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2
Q

What morphological changes happened with the transition to land?

A
  1. Formation of limbs from fins
  2. Lungs and trachea (homologous with physostomous swim bladder)
  3. Interlocking vertebrae
  4. Further differentiation of hypaxial and epaxial musculature
  5. Pelvic girdle fused to vertebral column
  6. Ankle joint present
  7. Urinary bladder more common
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3
Q

What does “amphibian” mean?

A

Amphi: btoh
Bios: Life
“Two modes of existence”

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4
Q

What are the defining characteristics of amphibians?

A
  1. Adults are carnivorous
  2. Thin, permeable skin
  3. Ectothermic
  4. Eggs covered with jelly capsule
  5. Three-chambered heart
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5
Q

Outline amphibian taxonomy

A

CLASS Amphibia

Order Urodela/Caudata
- Salamanders and newts
Order Gymnophiona
- Caecilians
Order Anura
- Family Ranidae (frogs)
- Family bufonidae (toads)

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6
Q

Describe Order Urodela/Caudata

A

Salamanders
- Tetrapod body plan
- Do not have independent movement of limbs (“sine wave”)

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7
Q

Describe Order Gymnophiona

A

Caecilians
- Worm like (annuli (body segments))
- Fossorial: burrowers
- Different skull types within

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8
Q

Describe Order Anura

A

Frogs (Toads classed under frog)
- Increased specialization of bones and muscles
- Not all leapers (who have elongated hindlimbs for jumping)

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9
Q

Describe Family Bufonidae

A
  • Short, stubby bodies and hindlegs
  • Warty, dry skin
  • No cutaneous respiration
  • Paratoid (poison) glands behind the eyes
  • Eggs laid in a line
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10
Q

Describe Family Runidae

A
  • Strong, long, webbed hind feet
  • Mucus covered smooth skin
  • Eggs laid in clusters
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11
Q

Nictating Membrane

A

“third eyelid” to aid in protection and moisture retention

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

“Eardrum,” can be different sizes to hear different frequencies

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14
Q

Manus

A

4 digits on front appendage

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15
Q

Pes

A

5 digits on rear appendage

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16
Q

Almost all amphibians must return to water to do what?

A

Breed

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17
Q

External fertilization types in amphibians

A

Amplexus: Male on female, fertilizes while female lays
Foam nests

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18
Q

Internal fertilization types in amphibians

A

Sperm packets
Phallodeum; modified cloacal wall organ.

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19
Q

What threats do amphibians face?

A

Habitat loss
Climate change
Chytrid fungus

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20
Q

What percentage of amphibians are in decline? Threatened?

A

50%
34% (at least)

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21
Q

How do bullfrogs hunt?

A

Ballistic lunge with closed eyes. Opportunistic predators

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22
Q

What do bullfrogs use to reproduce?

A

Amplexus

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23
Q

What are male vs. female bullfrog sex characteristics?

A

Female:
- Tympanum same size as eye
- Ovaries, oviduct, ovisac

Male:
- Tympanum larger than eye
- Testes and vas deferens

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24
Q

Describe basic anuran anatomy.

A

Oral cavity and pharynx:
- Single palate (no hard/soft)

Skeletal:
- Limb formation
- Multiple fusions of bones

Visceral:
- Lungs, bladder, fat bodies (E)

Cardiovascular:
- Three-chambered heart

25
Describe the amphibian circulatory system.
Three chambered heart (L & R atrium, one ventricle) Respiration surfaces: lungs, skin, mouth lining
26
What do amphibians with cutaneous respiration need to have along their skin?
Vasculature
27
When did amniotes arise?
Upper carboniferous. Major radiation in the Permian.
28
Amniote characteristics
1. Internal fertilization 2. No metamorphosis stage 3. Skin (scales in some) to prevent desiccation 4. Includes most extant tetrapods
29
What are the three new extraembryonic membranes?
Chorion, amnion, allantois.
30
Chorion
Outer membrane Surrounds entire contents of egg Used for gas exchange and embryo protection
31
Amnion
Inner membrane Surrounds embryo Additional embryo protection with amniotic fluid
32
Allantois
Beneath chorion Stores nitrogenous waste from embryo Oxygen transport
33
What are the three types of temporal fenestration in amniotes?
Anapsid: no fenestra Synapsid: 1 fenestra Diapsid: 2 fenestra
34
Describe reptilian taxonomy.
CLASS REPTILIA ---Order Testudines/Chelonii -Infraclass Lepidosauromorpha --Superorder Lepidosauriformes ---Order Rhynchocephalia ---Order Squamata ----Suborder Lacertilia ----Suborder Amphisbaenia ----Suborder Serpentes -Infraclass Archosauromorpha --Superorder Crocodylomorpha ---Order Crocodilia
35
Diapsidia
Arose in the Upper Carboniferous "Two arches" Contains the Lepidosauromorphs and Archosauromorphs
36
What are the upper and lower arches formed from in Diapsidia?
Upper: post orbital and squamosal bone Lower: jugal and quadratojugal bone
37
Order Testudines/Chelonii
Turtles Triassic Period Secondary Anapsid skulls Temperature-dependent sex determination during embryonic development
38
Order Testudines/Chelonii shell traits
Formed of dermal bone Carapace (upper) Plastron (lower) Fused vertebral column
39
Chelonian Respiratory Systems
- No costal ventilation (fused ribs) - Lungs are attached to carapace and connective tissue which is attached to the viscera - Inhalation/exhalation requires muscle activity: squeezes viscera against lungs to exhale, away to inhale. - Can not breathe when retracted into shell
40
Extant suborders of Chelonii
Cryptodires: s bent neck, most turtles. Pleurodires: horizontal bend, semi-aquatic.
41
Superorder Lepidosauria
Largest extant group of non-avian reptiles (includes Orders Rhynchocephalia & Squamata) Predominantly terrestrial (some secondary aquatic) Skin covered with scales - relatively impermeable to water. Outer layer of epidermis shed in large pieces
42
Order Rynchocephalia
Tuatara Lowest body temp of extant reptile -- forage at night Diapsid skull: Upper jaw firmly attached to skull, Akinetic jaw.
43
Order Squamata
Lizards and snakes. Determinant growth. Quadrate of skull can move. Kinetic jaw. Greatest variation in size 3 Suborders: Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Serpentes
44
Suborder Amphisbaenia
Worm lizards Late Cretaceous Fossorial, blunt skulls Most limbless (one retains forelimbs only) Body divided into annuli Integumentary muscles allow for forward and backward movement
45
Suborder Lacertilia
Lizards Early Triassic Varied diets Nictating membrane Sternum Most are small
46
Suborder Serpentes
All species limbless Descended from limbless Squamates Range in size Scales differentiated into shields/plates and shed all at once Elongated organs, may be reduced/lost on one side Sternum absent Some venomous
47
Types of snake dentition
1. Aglyph (no fangs) 2. Opisthoglyph (solid fangs in rear of maxilla) 3. Proteroglyph (hollow fangs fixed in front) 4. Solenoglyph (hollow fangs rotate on maxilla)
48
Non-avian reptile circulatory system
No cutaneous respiration Partial ventricular septum present
49
Dorsal body scales
Dorsal, on trunk
50
Dorsal cephalic scales
Back, on sides behind eye
50
Ventral body scales
Ventral, on trunk
51
Ventral cephalic scales
Underneath, on head
52
Right/Left parietal scale
Biggest one, behind eye. Snake's R/L
53
Frontal scale
Big one in between eyes
54
R/L Supraocular scales
"eyebrows"
55
R/L Prefrontal scales
In front of "eyebrows" & frontal
56
R/L Internasal
2 before the final rostral scale. Near nostrils
57
Rostral scale
Very front scale

BZ 214: Vertebrates (21 decks)

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