Lecture Two Objectives

Question 1

What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Monosaccharides (simple sugars, one), Disaccharides (2 sugars), Polysaccharides (linkage of 1000’s of monosaccharides)

Question 2

What are the 3 available pathways for glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?

Answer 2

Embden-Meyerhoff, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Glycogenesis

Question 3

What is glycogenesis?

Answer 3

Creating glycogen from glycose

Question 4

What is glycogenolysis?

Answer 4

Making glucose from glycogen

Question 5

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 5

Making new glucose using non-carbohydrates

Question 6

What are the pathways of ketosis and ketoacidosis?

Answer 6

The breakdown of fats for energy, which makes ketone bodies

Question 7

What effect does insulin have on glucose levels?

Answer 7

It decreases it (insulin is the only one that decreases it)

Question 8

What effect does glucagon have on glucose levels?

Answer 8

It increseses it

Question 9

What cells secrete insulin?

Answer 9

Beta cells

Question 10

What cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 10

Alpha cells

Question 11

What is Hyperglycemia and what is needed to fix it?

Answer 11

High blood sugar, insulin needed

Question 12

What is Hypoglycemia and what is needed to fix it?

Answer 12

Low blood sugar, glucagon needed, also known as Whipple’s Triad

Question 13

What is Hypoglycemia and what is needed to fix it?

Answer 13

Low blood sugar, glucagon needed

Question 14

What are the characteristics of Type I diabetes?

Answer 14

Younger person, body mass normal, autoimmune

Question 15

What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?

Answer 15

Older person, obese, insulin resistant

Question 16

What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?

Answer 16

Older person, obese, insulin resistant

Question 17

What are the characteristics of Gestational diabetes?

Answer 17

Pregnant women, hyperglycemia, hyperglycemia

Question 18

What is the OGTT and what is it used for?

Answer 18

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, used for gestational diabetes

Question 19

What are some factors that effect a OGTT?

Answer 19

Fasting and someone’s diet leading up to the test

Question 20

What is considered a low blood sugar or hypoglycemic?

Answer 20

Anything below 50 mg/dL

Question 21

What is galactosemia and who does it usually affect?

Answer 21

Means to have galactose in your blood, it is a metabolic disorder that affects being able to break down sugar, usually affecting infants and there life and growth

Question 22

What is glycohemoglobin testing?

Answer 22

This is the same thing as A1C, shows results from 2-3 months, shows the percent of sugar attached to the total hemoglobin

Question 23

What is the purpose of sodium fluoride as an anticoagulant?

Answer 23

It stops glycolysis

Question 24

What is the principal of the copper reduction method of urine glucose testing?

Answer 24

This is the clinitest, uses copper ions and changes the color

Question 25

What is the normal range of serum glucose?

Answer 25

75-99 mg/dL

Question 26

What is the normal range of CSF glucose?

Answer 26

50-80 mg/dL, should be 2/3 of the serum glucose