Lecture Two Objectives Flashcards
What are the 3 classes of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides (simple sugars, one), Disaccharides (2 sugars), Polysaccharides (linkage of 1000’s of monosaccharides)
What are the 3 available pathways for glucose-6-phosphate in the liver?
Embden-Meyerhoff, Hexose Monophosphate Shunt, Glycogenesis
What is glycogenesis?
Creating glycogen from glycose
What is glycogenolysis?
Making glucose from glycogen
What is gluconeogenesis?
Making new glucose using non-carbohydrates
What are the pathways of ketosis and ketoacidosis?
The breakdown of fats for energy, which makes ketone bodies
What effect does insulin have on glucose levels?
It decreases it (insulin is the only one that decreases it)
What effect does glucagon have on glucose levels?
It increseses it
What cells secrete insulin?
Beta cells
What cells secrete glucagon?
Alpha cells
What is Hyperglycemia and what is needed to fix it?
High blood sugar, insulin needed
What is Hypoglycemia and what is needed to fix it?
Low blood sugar, glucagon needed, also known as Whipple’s Triad
What is Hypoglycemia and what is needed to fix it?
Low blood sugar, glucagon needed
What are the characteristics of Type I diabetes?
Younger person, body mass normal, autoimmune
What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?
Older person, obese, insulin resistant
What are the characteristics of Type II diabetes?
Older person, obese, insulin resistant
What are the characteristics of Gestational diabetes?
Pregnant women, hyperglycemia, hyperglycemia
What is the OGTT and what is it used for?
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, used for gestational diabetes
What are some factors that effect a OGTT?
Fasting and someone’s diet leading up to the test
What is considered a low blood sugar or hypoglycemic?
Anything below 50 mg/dL
What is galactosemia and who does it usually affect?
Means to have galactose in your blood, it is a metabolic disorder that affects being able to break down sugar, usually affecting infants and there life and growth
What is glycohemoglobin testing?
This is the same thing as A1C, shows results from 2-3 months, shows the percent of sugar attached to the total hemoglobin
What is the purpose of sodium fluoride as an anticoagulant?
It stops glycolysis
What is the principal of the copper reduction method of urine glucose testing?
This is the clinitest, uses copper ions and changes the color
What is the normal range of serum glucose?
75-99 mg/dL
What is the normal range of CSF glucose?
50-80 mg/dL, should be 2/3 of the serum glucose
