Lecture One Objectives Flashcards
What tests are in a Lytes panel?
Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2
What tests are in a BMP?
Lytes, Glucose, Ca2+, BUN, Creatinine
What tests are in a CMP?
BMP, HFP
What tests are in a HFP?
Total protein, Albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin
What tests are in a Lipid panel?
Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides
What are the fluid types used in clinical chemistry?
Blood, Urine, CSF, Synovial Fluid, Serous Fluid, Amniotic Fluid
What three fluids can come from blood?
Whole blood, plasma, serum
What three fluids can come from serous fluids?
Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Plasma has anti-coagulants which leaves the blood with clotting factors
Serum has no anti-coagulants which leaves blood with no clotting factors
What is the order of draw?
Waste, light blue, sst, pst, lav, gray
Why is the order of draw essential?
Because the anti-coagulants in the previous tubes could contaminate the blood in the tube and effect the patient results
What are the additives in a green tube?
Lithium, sodium, gel
What are the additives in a gray tube?
sodium fluoride (inhibits glucose), potassium oxalate (anti-coagulant)
What are the additives in a lav tube?
EDTA, K+
What are the additives in a SST tube?
Clot activator, gel separator
What are the additives in a red tube?
Clot activator
What are the additives in a light blue tube?
Sodium citrate
What are the serum tubes?
SST, red
What are the plasma tubes?
Light blue, lav, gray, pst
What would the outcome be for tube contamination?
If the tubes were not collected in the right draw order, the results can show that whatever additives contaminated the specimen because certain values will be wonky and these wonky results will most likely correspond with the additives in the collection tubes
What is the best urine for anaylsis?
Timed or 24 hour because you could determine more precise information
What are the different urine collection methods?
Random, first morning, 24 hour, timed
What are the three factors that can affect chemistry analytes?
Physiologic factors, patient preparation (fasting), errors
What are some physiologic factors?
Gender, age, environment, time of day, activity
What are the 3 main categories of errors affecting chemistry analytes?
Pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical
What are some pre-analytical errors?
Labeling, processing, clotting time, wrong test ordered, wrong amount
What are some analytical errors?
Machines, QC, technician
What are some post analytical error?
Results reported incorrectly, results sent to the wrong place, results delayed or missing
What is a reference interval?
This is the reference range, where the value “should” test at based on a healthy population of people
How is a reference range established?
By a population of normal healthy people
What is difference between a consensus reference interval and a statistical reference range?
A consensus reference interval is when test results can be correlated with medical decisions of medical professionals (ex: ADA (American Diabetes Association), AHA (American Heart Association)
A statistical reference range is when a test does not have a clear association with a disease
What is an analytical range (AMR)?
The machine range that has an upper range and a lower range that it has to measure within, standard curve and calibration
How would a test report if the analyte concentration is less than the lower limit of linearity or higher then the upper limit of linearity?
If the test is less, you would report that it is lower than the limit of linearity
If the test is higher, you should dilute and report after that (we should try to dilute as little as possible)
What is the QC range?
The range for the analyzer, like a reference range
What is the difference between a calibration and a control?
A calibration is the standard (standard curve, AMR)
The control is what we use to make sure we are testing in the right range
When is something considered “in control”?
When the QC tests are falling within the target range
When is something considered “out of control”?
When the QC tests are not falling within the target range
What is the process of establishing a QC range?
We would run something so many times and get within a standard deviation
Why is it important take immediate action when a test is “out of control”?
Because the patients can be treated wrong when they get the wrong results
