Lecture Two Notes

Question 1

What are the 3 main monosaccharides?

Answer 1

Glucose, glactose, fructose

Question 2

What is it called when the carbonyl group is at the end of the chain (first or last)?

Answer 2

Aldehyde, monosaccaride is called aldose

Question 3

What is it called when the carbonyl group is in the middle?

Answer 3

Ketone, monosaccharide is called ketose

Question 4

What is it called when the -OH is on the right?

Answer 4

D or Dextro, most sugars are D isomers

Question 5

What it it called when the -OH is on the left?

Answer 5

L or Levo

Question 6

What are the 3 disaccharides?

Answer 6

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Question 7

What makes up maltose?

Answer 7

Glucose + glucose

Question 8

What makes up lactose?

Answer 8

Glucose + galactose (absorbed by active transport and is energy dependent)

Question 9

What makes up sucrose?

Answer 9

Glucose + fructose (absorbed by passive transport and can just be diffused into a cell)

Question 10

What is the fate of glucose?

Answer 10

It is stored as glycogen in the liver, converted to amino acids, keto acids, or proteins, then converted to fats (fats can be converted into anything) and stored in adipose tissue

Question 11

What are the 3 metabolic pathways?

Answer 11

Embden-Meyerhoff (glycolysis), Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (pentose phosphate pathway), Glycogenesis

Question 12

What is the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway?

Answer 12

Also known as glycolysis, this is glucose -> pyruvate and lactic acid

Question 13

What is the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt?

Answer 13

Also known as pentose phosphate pathway, this is glucose -> ribose + CO2

Question 14

What is the Glycogenesis?

Answer 14

This is glucose -> glycogen (stored in the liver)

Question 15

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

Answer 15

This is the breakdown of ketones, which is using fats for energy instead of sugar

Question 16

What is the normal A1C in diabetics?

Answer 16

More than or equal 6.5%

Question 17

What is the normal A1C in pre diabetics?

Answer 17

5.7% - 6.4%

Question 18

What is the normal A1C in the normal population?

Answer 18

Less than 5.7%

Question 19

What is the normal FPG (fasting plasma glucose) for normal people?

Answer 19

Less than 100 mg/dL

Question 20

What is the normal FPG (fasting plasma glucose) for impaired people?

Answer 20

100-125 mg/dL

Question 21

What is the normal FPG (fasting plasma glucose) for diabetics?

Answer 21

More than or equal to 126 mg/dL

Question 22

What is the process of Glucose Oxidase (Tinder Reaction)?

Answer 22

GLU + O2 + 2 H2O -> Gluconic acid + 2 H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) (this reaction using Glucose Oxidase as the reagent aka the ->)
Then
H2O2 + Red Chromogen -> Ox Chromogen + H2O (this reaction using Horseradish Peroxidase as the reagent aka the ->)

Question 23

What do we use the Glucose Oxidase reaction for?

Answer 23

To measure color and light coming through a specimen

Question 24

What is the process of Hexokinase Reaction?

Answer 24

GLU + ATP -> Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP (this using Hexokinase and Mg2+ as the reagent)
G-6-P + NAD+ -> 7-phosphogluconate + NADH + H+ (this using G6PD as the reagent)

Question 25

What do we use the Hexokinase Reaction for?

Answer 25

To measure color and light coming through a specimen

Question 26

What are the 3 major ketone bodies?

Answer 26

Acetone, acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyrate

Question 27

What is Micro-albumin used to for?

Answer 27

Used to diagnose or monitor diabetic nephropathy (deterioration of kidney function) before cause irreversible renal damage