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lecture test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Over time, mass wasting causes __________

a. Canyons to widen
b. Canyons to incise
c. Terrain to become more steep
d. Canyons to become more narrow

A

canyons to widen

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2
Q

__________ is not a trigger for mass wasting

a. Oversteepening of a slope
b. Adding water to sediments
c. Water flowing in a stream
d. An earthquake

A

water flowing in a stream

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3
Q

Which would increase stream flow velocity?

a. Decreasing the gradient
b. Having a narrow, deep channel
c. Having a small drainage basin
d. Having many boulders in the bed of the channel

A

having a narrow, deep channel

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4
Q

true or false

When a stream enters a large body of water, capacity and competence decrease.

A

true

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5
Q

For a meandering stream, the majority of deposition occurs __________

a. At waterfalls
b. In the point bar
c. In the cut bank
d. At the outside of a bend

A

in the point bar

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6
Q

true or false

A natural levee is a ridge of flood deposits far from a river channel.

A

false

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7
Q

What type of drainage pattern develops on isolated volcanic peaks:

a. Radial
b. Rectangular
c. Dendritic
d. Trellis (Piracy)

A

radial

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8
Q

Which type of flooding occurs in north flowing rivers in the Northern Hemisphere with the onset of spring?

a. Regional
b. Flash
c. Ice-jam
d. Dam failure

A

ice-jam

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9
Q

What is infiltration:

a. Plants taking in water
b. The transition from liquid to gas from higher temperatures
c. Water soaking into the ground
d. Water running into a channel

A

water soaking into the ground

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10
Q

In a disconnected losing stream, ____________.

a. Water table is lower than stream surface and is in contact with the stream bed
b. Water table is lower than the stream surface and is separated from the bed
c. Water table is higher than the stream surface and is in contact with the stream bed
d. Water table is higher than the stream surface and is separated from the bed

A

water table is lower than the stream surface and is separated from the bed

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11
Q

Which of the following has the highest permeability?

a. Basalt
b. Limestone
c. Sandstone
d. Non-fractured granite

A

limestone

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12
Q

In order for an aquifer to be useful for human consumption, what kind of porosity and permeability should it have?

a. High porosity and low permeability
b. Low porosity and low permeability
c. High porosity and high permeability
d. Low porosity and low permeability

A

high porosity and high permeability

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13
Q

When would the cone of depression stop enlarging?

a. When the amount of water flowing toward the well is greater than the amount being pumped out
b. The amount of water flowing away from the well is greater than the amount being pumped out
c. When the amount of water flowing toward the well is equal to the amount being pumped out
d. When the amount of water flowing away from the well is equal to the amount being pumped out

A

when the amount of water flowing toward the well is equal to the amount being pumped out

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14
Q

The water table will fall when _________________.

a. The well is pumped at an unsustainable rate/ drought
b. A well is pumped at a sustainable rate/ drought
c. A well is pumped at an unsustainable rate/ high precipitation
d. A well is pumped at a sustainable rate/ high precipitation

A

the well is pumped at an unsustainable rate/drought

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15
Q

true or false

marine terraces are indicative of a submergent coastline

A

false

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16
Q

which of the following statements about a mineral reserve is FALSE?

a. The valuable element in the reverse must have a high enough concentration to be mined profitably
b. Does not change over time
c. Can change with improvements in technology
d. Can change with economic changes

A

Does not change over time

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17
Q

Surface feature created by wind erosion

A

blowout

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18
Q

Outflow of water where an aquitard intersects with the land surface

A

spring

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19
Q

Wind blown silt sized sediment

A

loess

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20
Q

Product of a debris flow in an arid environment

A

alluvial fan

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21
Q

Occurs in regions underlain by permafros

A

solifluction

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22
Q

Type of mass wasting that produces a talus slope

A

fall

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23
Q

Type of mass wasting that involves materials moving as a viscous fluid

A

flow

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24
Q

Process that causes dissolution of limestone bedrock in a stream

A

corrosion

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25
Q

Glacial feature associated with waterfalls

A

hanging valleys

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26
Q

Process by which bed load is transported

A

saltation

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27
Q

Which of the following is a renewable resource?

a. Aluminum
b. Trees
c. Coal
d. Oil

A

trees

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28
Q

A rainshadow desert forms ______.

a. near glaciers
b. on the leeward side of a mountain
c. on the windward side of a mountain
d. in a high-pressure zone

A

on the leeward side of a mountain

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29
Q

Yosemite National Park is prone to ________ because of ________, which is a type of mechanical weathering due to the expansion and fracturing of igneous plutons when they are exposed at the surface.

a. debris slides; dissolution
b. rock falls; oxidation
c. debris slides; sheeting
d. rock falls; sheeting

A

rock falls; sheeting

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30
Q

What ultimately causes a spit to develop?

a. a rip current
b. The longshore current gains energy.
c. a tidal current
d. The longshore current reduces its energy.

A

the longshore current reduces its energy

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31
Q

Which of the following methods to counteract beach erosion do coastal scientists consider the best permanent option?

a. Jetties
b. Relocation of at-risk structures
c. Sea walls
d. Beach nourishment

A

relocation of at-risk structures

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32
Q

_____ is a trigger for mass wasting.

a. Oversteepening a slope
b. Adding water to sediments
c. Removing vegetation
d. All of the above

A

all of the above

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33
Q

Which renewable energy resource makes up the largest share of Iceland’s energy?

a. Wind energy
b. Hydroelectric power
c. Tidal power
d. Geothermal energy

A

geothermal energy

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34
Q

For a meandering stream, the majority of erosion occurs _____.

a. In the point bar
b. In the cut bank
c. At the inside of a bend
d. No erosion occurs

A

in the cut bank

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35
Q

______ is the horizontal distance between successive wave crests.

a. Wave height
b. Wave period
c. Wavelength
d. Tidal height

A

wavelength

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36
Q

What type of drainage pattern develops on highly jointed bedrock?

a. Radial
b. Dendritic
c. Rectangular
d. Trellis

A

rectangular

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37
Q

Which of the following would increase stream flow velocity?

a. Lowering the water depth in the stream
b. Decreasing the gradient
c. Having a narrow, deep channel
d. Having many boulders in the bed of the channel

A

having a narrow, deep channel

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38
Q

What provides most ocean waves with their energy?

a. volcanic activity on the ocean floor
b. boats passing through
c. earthquakes
d. the wind

A

the wind

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39
Q

Of the following options, which is the most common type of chemical weathering in a desert?

a. Oxidation
b. Hydrolysis
c. Salt-crystal growth
d. Frost wedging

A

oxidation

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40
Q

As a river flows from headwaters to the mouth _____.

a. channel slope increases and flow velocity increases
b. channel roughness increases and discharge increases
c. flow velocity increases and channel slope decreases
d. discharge decreases and flow velocity decreases

A

flow velocity increases and channel slop decreases

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41
Q

What size sediment can be transported by glaciers?

a. Gravel and sediment larger than gravel
b. Only clay
c. Only silt and sand
d. All sediment sizes

A

all sediment sizes

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42
Q

Which of the following statements about mudflows is false?

a. Flowing mixture of debris and water
b. Generally flows along a channel
c. Dominantly course-grained material
d. Can be associated with volcanic eruptions

A

dominantly coarse-grained material

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43
Q

In a gaining stream, _____.

a. the stream is always disconnected from the water table by the unsaturated zone
b. groundwater adds to streamflow and the water table is higher than the stream surface
c. groundwater adds to streamflow and the water table is lower than the stream surface
d. streamflow adds to groundwater and the water table is lower than the stream surface

A

groundwater adds to streamflow and the water table is higher than the stream surface

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44
Q

Which of the following is an erosional feature?

a. Dripstone
b. Stalactite
c. Stalagmite
d. Tower karst

A

tower karst

45
Q

The upper boundary of the zone of wastage is ______.

a. the zone of fracture
b. the zone of plastic flow
c. the snowline
d. a region of crevasses

A

the snowline

46
Q

Which of the following materials has the highest porosity?

a. Limestone
b. Sandstone
c. Non-fractured granite
d. Clay

A

clay

47
Q

What is the name of bowl-shaped depression at the head of a valley glacier?

a. Arête
b. Cirque
c. Horn
d. Tarn

A

cirque

48
Q

The subsurface zone in which the pore spaces are completely filled with water is called the:

a. Unsaturated zone
b. Zone of saturation
c. Capillary fringe
d. Zone of soil moisture

A

zone of saturation

49
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of an emergent coastline?

a. Tombolo
b. Drowned river mouth
c. Marine terrace
d. Barrier island

A

marine terrace

50
Q

Which of the following can be an economically important hydrothermal deposit?

a. Placer deposits
b. Oil sands
c. Black smoker
d. Diamonds

A

black smoker

51
Q

An artesian well must tap into ______.

a. crystalline bedrock
b. an aquitard
c. a perched water table
d. a confined aquifer

A

an aquitard

52
Q

Using the map above, what is the aquifer’s flow direction?

a. North
b. South
c. East
d. West

A

East

53
Q

Well A is 500 feet deep and well B is 200 feet deep. If well A and well B are pumped at the same rate and the rate exceeds aquifer recharge, what will happen?

a. Nothing, both wells can produce water forever
b. Both wells will go dry at the same time
c. Well A will go dry first
d. Well B will go dry first

A

well B will go dry first

54
Q

true or false

During the beginning of an interglacial period, sea level will fall.

A

false

55
Q

true or false

A nonflowing artesian well is drilled into a confined aquifer.

A

true

56
Q

true or false

Slot canyons form in unconsolidated sediment.

A

false

57
Q

true or false

isostatic uplift occurred during the last great ice age.

A

false

58
Q

true or false

Slump is the slow migration of surface materials resulting from repeated expansion and contraction.

A

false

59
Q

true or false

The eye wall of a hurricane is where the most intense rain and wind are located

A

true

60
Q

true or false

Levees are never naturally formed.

A

false

61
Q

true or false

Drainage in a swamp runs perpendicular to the main river flow direction

A

false

62
Q

true or false

Geysers are more common in the western United States because igneous activity has occurred more recently in the area.

A

true

63
Q

true or false

Borax and evaporate minerals are mined from playas.

A

true

64
Q

which kind of rock would be an ideal cap rock?

a. shale
b. limestone
c. sandstone
d. conglomerate

A

shale

65
Q

main source of weathering and erosion in deserts

A

water

66
Q

Which of the following is a wind deposit?

a. Bajadas
b. Barchan dunes
c. Alluvial fan
d. Yardang

A

barchan dunes

67
Q

Which renewable energy resource is generated in the Great Planes?

a. Wind energy
b. Hydroelectric power
c. Tidal power
d. Geothermal energy

A

wind energy

68
Q

mass wasting

A

makes a “V” shaped valley

plate tectonics and orogeneisis create slopes + fuel landscape development

weathering is followed by MW

MW + running water produce stream valleys

rugged mountains are subdued over geo. time

variety of topography and materials affect MW characteristics

69
Q

classification of mass wasting processes are based on

A

material involved… (ex. debris, mud, earth, rock)
motion displayed… (fall, slide, flow)
velocity of movement

70
Q

triggers

A

DO NOT ALWAYS NEED TRIGGERS FOR MW

saturation of materials w/ water (reduces friction)

oversteeping of slopes

removal of anchoring vegetation (natural events: forest fire “burns the ground”, insect infestation; human design: farming, logging, development)

ground vibrations from earthquakes

thermal stressing

71
Q

Infiltration

A

water moving into pore spaces in the ground

72
Q

Transpiration

A

plants pull water from soil and release it into the atmosphere

73
Q

Outlet

A

the lowest point in a drainage basin where the stream or river exits the basin

74
Q

Factors affecting flow velocity

A

Gradient
Channel shape
Wetted perimeter: the area where the river is in contact with the channel (less surface area = higher velocity)
Channel size
Channel roughness
Discharge: volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

75
Q

A _____ is the first step to soil erosion/sediment movement

A

raindrop

76
Q

Types of sediment transportation in a stream

A 
Dissolved load (ions)
Suspended load (silt, clay)
Bedload (sand, gravel, boulders) (bouncing, sliding, rolling)
77
Q

dissolved load- sediment transportation

A

ions

78
Q

suspended load- sediment transportation

A

silt, clay

79
Q

bedload- sediment transportation

A

sand, gravel, boulders

bouncing, sliding, rolling

80
Q

Drainage Patterns

A

Dendritic: branchy
Rectangular: blocky
Radial: high point- looks like a star
Trellis: one main channel then cuts through ridges

81
Q

dendritic drainage pattern characteristic

A

branchy

82
Q

rectangular drainage pattern characteristic

A

blocky

83
Q

radial drainage pattern characteristic

A

high point- looks like a star

84
Q

trellis drainage pattern characteristic

A

one main channel then cuts through ridges

85
Q

Ice Jam Floods

A

occur in north-flowing rivers in the northern hemisphere

86
Q

Methods for reducing flood impacts:

A

Artificial levees
Channelization
Flood-control dams
Non-structural approach

87
Q

______ is the largest reservoir of readily available freshwater

A

groundwater

88
Q

Aquifer

A

rock strata or sediment that stores and transmits groundwater freely

89
Q

Water Table

A

the upper limit of the zone of saturation. A subdued replica of the topography

90
Q

gaining streams and losing streams

A

Gaining Streams: water table is higher than stream surface

Losing Streams: water table is lower than stream surface

91
Q

cone of depression

A

water table forms a cone shape after a deep well sucks large amounts of water out of the water table.

92
Q

artesian systems

A

when groundwater is under pressure

creates artesian wells

93
Q

geysers

A

intermittent hot springs or fountains in which columns of water erupt with force.

Formed when superheated water in underground caverns turns to steam and rises up.

94
Q

how many caves are there in the US?

A

17,000

95
Q

two types of glaciers

A

Alpine: valleys of mountainous areas

Ice Sheets: on continents, large areas

96
Q

zone of accumulation

A

more snow falls each winter than melts each summer

97
Q

zone of wastage

A

more snow melting than accumulating

98
Q

how much of the earths surface is covered by dry regions?

A

30%

99
Q

saltation

A

transportation of sediment by wind, sand grains knock each other off of sand dunes

100
Q

blowout

A

land surface (soil) moved to a new location

controlled by water table (lower water table, more blowout)

lowest limit of a blowout is the water table

101
Q

what percentage of the US population lives close to a shoreline?

A

50%

102
Q

emergent coast

A

elevated by tectonic forces

103
Q

submergent coast

A

submerging former stream valleys in ocean

104
Q

renewable resources

A

can be replenished by natural processes over relatively short time spans when used sustainably

105
Q

non-renewable resources

A

form very slowly compared to the rate of consumption

106
Q

examples of renewable resources

A 
Wind
Biomass waste
Biofuels
Wood
Hydropower
Solar
Geothermal
107
Q

examples of NONrenewable resources

A 
Fossil fuels
Coal
Oil
Oil sands
Gas hydrates
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking)
Shale gas
Nuclear energy using Uranium 235
108
Q

cap rock

A

impermeable to petroleum movement

Geology (6 decks)

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