Lecture Test 1 Edited Flashcards
vesicular igneous rock formed from felsic magma
pumice
nonsilicate mineral in the carbonate group
dolomite
mineral with sheet silicate structure
muscovite
the most dominant rock associated with oceanic crust
basalt
nonsilicate mineral in the native element group
graphite
forms chain structures in cooling felsic magma
silica
discordant tabular intrusive igneous feature
dike
extrusive igneous feature associated with violent eruptions
composite volcano
massive intrusive igneous feature commonly composed of granite
batholith
first mineral to crystallize, according to Bowen’s Reaction Series
olivine
the doctrine of ______ held that the major features of the surface of the earth were created by sudden, short-lived, violent events that no longer occur.**
a. the big bang theory
b. plate tectonics
c. uniformitarianism
d. catastrophism
catastrophism
which type of volcanic hazard consists of saturated volcanic material moving rapidly down a slope?
a. Volcanic ash
b. Lahar
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Lava flow
lahar
the Earth’s internal heat engine causes hot rocks in the mantle to _____________, whereas colder rocks tend to _____________.**
a. contract and rise; expand and sink
b. expand and rise; contract and sink
c. expand and sink; contract and rise
d. move laterally; stay stationary
expand and rise; contract and sink
which of the following is not a force which drives plate motion?**
a. Slab pull
b. Gravitational forces from the sun
c. Ridge push
d. Convective flow
gravitational forces from the sun
how long has the continental crust been evolving?
a. over the last 1 million years
b. over the last 2 billion years
c. over the last 4000 years
d. over the last 4 billion years
over the last 4 billion years
where are the majority of transform faults located?
a. Southern California
b. On the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge
c. Radiating from convergent boundaries as stress fractures
d. Along mountain ranges that have been thrust up due to collision
on the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge
Which of the following is not a geologic hazard?**
a. Poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation
b. Volcanic eruptions sending lava flows toward a city
c. Deforestation on a floodplain increasing the severity of river floods causing flooding of towns
d. An earthquake destroying a bridge
poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation
The ______ is characterized by physical properties and comprises the crust and uppermost mantle.**
a. asthenosphere
b. lithosphere
c. outer core
d. inner core
lithosphere
What property of the crust allowed it to form as the exterior of Earth?
a. Magma at the surface cooled and crystallized before anything in the interior
b. Materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top
c. Churning and upheaval in the interior thrust crustal rocks toward the surface
d. Meteorites impacting Earth deposited this material at the surface
materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top
______ are an economically important mineral group.**
a. Carbonates
b. Native elements
c. Oxides
d. All of the above are economically important mineral groups
all of the above
Which of the following elements is not abundant in the Earth’s crust?
a. oxygen
b. silicon
c. aluminum
d. uranium
uranium
Which of the following is not considered a best management practice?
a. No till planting
b. Leaving strips of permanent vegetation
c. Complete removal of all vegetation
d. Planting tree rows for windbreaks
complete removal of all vegetation
The three major classes of rock are known as:
a. crustal, subcrustal, and transitional
b. sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic
c. volcanic, plutonic, and transitional
d. weathered, eroded, and cemented
sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic
Sedimentary rocks are formed from igneous rocks beginning with the process of _____.
a. erosion
b. crystallization
c. weathering
d. transportation
weathering
_____ are the two primary factors that affect the rate of weathering.
a. Climate and rock location
b. Water and rock type
c. Climate and rock type
d. Altitude and rock location
climate and rock type
A ________ is a submarine volcano.
a. Seamount
b. Caldera
c. Scoria Cone
d. Dome
seamount
Which of the following textures would be the most common texture found in pillow lava?**
a. Aphanitic
b. Pyroclastic
c. Porphyritic
d. Phaneritic
aphanitic
Which type of convergence will result in a continental volcanic arc?
a. Oceanic-Continental
b. Oceanic-Oceanic
c. Continental-Continental
d. Hydrosphere-Atmosphere
oceanic-continental
________ is a material’s resistance to flowing.
a. Viscosity
b. Volatiles
c. Composition
d. Quiescent
viscosity
________ is when iron particles in lavas align their magnetic fields with magnetic north, preserving a record of that pole’s location at that moment in time.
a. Mantle Plume
b. Paleomagnetism
c. Magnetic Reversal
d. Seafloor Spreading
paleomagnetism
A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like
materials.
a. Tetrahedron
b. Mineral
c. Rock
d. Mixture
rock
________ bonding links silicon to oxygen atoms in a silica-oxygen tetrahedron.
a. Metallic
b. Ionic
c. Hybrid
d. Covalent
covalent
Select the choice below that best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma.
a. Volatiles will reduce the pressure
b. Volatiles will force the magma to contract as it rises
c. Volatiles will shatter surrounding rocks, making it easier for the magma to rise
d. Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward
volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward
Which mineral class makes up most igneous rocks?
a. Carbonates
b. Sulfides
c. Silicates
d. Halides
silicates
What is the charge of a single proton?
a. +1
b. -1
c. +2
d. Depends on atomic bond type
+1
Steno’s Law refers to _____.
a. the way a mineral cleaves
b. the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
c. the way a mineral fractures
d. the presence of water reducing the melting point of a rock
the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
A(n) ___ is a tentative explanation, whereas a(n) ____ has survived extensive scrutiny over many years and
is in all likelihood true.
a. theory; observation
b. hypothesis; theory
c. theory; hypothesis
d. result; hypothesis
hypothesis; theory
What is the source of Earth’s internal heat?
a. The sun
b. Radioactive breakdown
c. Leftover heat from Earth’s formation
d. b and c
b and c
What is the definition of eluviation?
a. Decayed organic material
b. Accumulation of fine clay particles
c. Transportation of fine clay particles
d. The collective term for the O, A, E, and B horizons
transportation of fine clay particles
true or false
magma mixing can change the composition of a magma body
true
true or false
magma is composed of mobile ions of elements, crystals of silicates, and volatiles.
true
true or false
parent material is the primary factor that causes differences among soils
false
true or false
the jigsaw fit of the continents was used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis
true
true or false**
mineral color is less reliable than streak color for mineral identification
true
true or false
dissolution is a physical weathering process
false
true or false
sheet silicate structure will affect the cleavage properties of a mineral
true
true or false
a mineral is solid, naturally occurring, and organic, with an orderly crystalline structure, and definite
chemical composition
false
true or false
soil taxonomy is the process by which soil is eroded
false
true or false
the four spheres on Earth operate independently from each other
false
Volcanic ash from an eruption settles on the ground and forms the volcanic rock _____.**
a. Pegmatite
b. Tuff
c. Volcanic Breccia
d. Basalt
tuff
Which of the following would decrease the viscosity of magma?**
a. Increase in slope of volcanic fork
b. Decrease in silica content
c. Decrease in temperature
d. Increase in dissolved gasses
decrease in silica content
igneous rock that has rapid cooling
basalt
nonsilicate mineral
sulphur
mafic silicate mineral
pyroxene
the most dominant rock associated with our continents
granite
mineral that will form clay minerals as it weathers
potassium feldspar
extrusive igneous feature not particularly dangerous or explosive
shield volcano
intrusive igneous feature that arches sedimentary rock
laccolith
which of the following textures would be the most common texture found in a batholith?
a. Aphanitic
b. Pyroclastic
c. Porphyritic
d. Phaneritic
phaneritic
James Hutton was a scientist who developed the idea of _______ to explain the slow, steady changes
responsible for shaping the Earth.
a. Uniformity
b. The Big Bang Theory
c. Plate Tectonics
d. Uniformitarianism
uniformitarianism
which type of volcanic hazard can decrease global temperatures?
a. Volcanic ash
b. Lahar
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Lava flow
volcanic ash
a typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________.
a. 2 meters per year
b. 20 feet per year
c. 2 centimeters per year
d. 5 miles per year
2 centimeters per year
Earth is unique among terrestrial planets in that it________.
a. has liquid water at its surface
b. has an active system of (plate)
tectonics
c. supports a biosphere
d. all of these are unique attributes of
Earth
all of these are unique attributes of Earth (ACTUALLY KNOW THEM)
_____ are the two primary factors that affect the rate of weathering.
a. Climate and rock location
b. Water and rock type
c. Climate and rock type
d. Altitude and rock location
climate and rock type
The Earth’s lithosphere is comprised of the
a. crust and uppermost mantle
b. core and mantle
c. asthenosphere
d. uppermost mantle
crust and uppermost mantle
_____ is a chemical weathering process which releases iron for oxidation.
a. Oxidation
b. Frost wedging
c. Biological activity
d. Hydrolysis
hydrolosis
________ is a material’s resistance to flowing.
a. Viscosity
b. Volatiles
c. Composition
d. Quiescent
viscosity
________ bonding links silicon to oxygen atoms in a silica-oxygen tetrahedron.
a. Metallic
b. Ionic
c. Hybrid
d. Covalent
covalent
Select the choice below that best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma.
a. Volatiles will reduce the pressure
b. Volatiles will force the magma to contract as it rises
c. Volatiles will shatter surrounding rocks, making it easier for the magma to rise
d. Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward
volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward
- Steno’s Law refers to _____.
a. the way a mineral cleaves
b. the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
c. the way a mineral fractures
d. the presence of water reducing the melting point of a rock
the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
What is the source of Earth’s internal heat?
a. The sun
b. Radioactive breakdown
c. Leftover heat from Earth’s formation
d. b and c
b and c
Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks derived from igneous “parents” make up what percentage of the
Earth’s crust?
a. 50%
b. 95%
c. 82%
d. 75%
95%
true or false
crystal settling can change the composition of a magma body
true
true or false**
a convergent plate boundary will always remain an area of plate convergence throughout geologic time
false
true or false
Wegener’s proposal that gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon could move continents was widely accepted by the scientific community
false
true or false
marble, which is composed of the mineral calcite, is easily dissolved by acid rain
true
true or false
O, A, and C horizons make up the solum (true soil)
false
true or false
frost wedging and salt crystal growth are mechanical weathering agents which enlarge cracks in rock.
true
true or false
the atmosphere is affected by volcanic eruptions
true
Which of the following is a type of lava flow that has a ropey, smooth surface?
a. Block lava flow
b. Pahoehoe flow
c. Pillow lava
d. Aa flow
pahoehoe flow
which type of convergence will create a volcanic island arc?
a. Oceanic-Continental
b. Oceanic-Oceanic
c. Continental-Continental
d. Hydrosphere-Atmosphere
oceanic-oceanic
_____ is a chemical weathering process which is accelerated by _____.
a. Oxidation; the presence of water
b. Oxidation; cool temperatures
c. Sheeting; ice
d. Frost wedging; cold temperatures
oxidation; the presence of water
what role does water have in the origin of magma within the earth?
a. Water reduces friction between atoms
b. Water reduces pressure on rock
c. Water reduces the melting point of rock
d. Water does not exist in rocks at depth within the earth
water reduces pressure on rock
diamond and graphite are ______.
a. polymorphs
b. both composed of carbon atoms and the same hardness
c. polymorphs and the same hardness
d. polymorphs and both composed of carbon atoms
polymorphs and both composed of carbon atoms
The Dust Bowl had profound ________.
a. psychological effects on people living in the areas affected
b. wind erosion
c. economic impacts
d. all of the above
all of the above
geology
scientific study of earth
historical geology
the study of the origin and development of Earth through time
physical geology
the study of the earth’s materials and processes + seeking to understand the many processes that operate within and upon our planet
ex. paleontology, mineralogy, and volcanology
natural processes
ex. flooding occurs in places w/o humans or evidence of human processes
geological hazards
natural events that have a human impact
ex. sinkholes, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes
catastrophism
belief that Earth’s landscapes were shaped by great catastrophes
doesn’t really explain how the earth’s processes occur
uniformatism
the physical, chemical, and biological process that operate today have also operated in the geological past
the present is the key to understanding the past
James Hutton, “Theory of the Earth”
the accepted age of the Earth?
4.6 billion years?
list and describe the Earth’s 4 major spheres + how they relate to the Earth’s system science
- biosphere: living organisms
- hydrosphere: water on or near Earth’s surface; fresh water, saline water, oceans
- geosphere: the solid rocky Earth; igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, etc.
- atmosphere: gases that envelop the Earth
outline the stages of nebular theory
- the birth of the solar system began as dust and gases (nebula) started to gravitationally collapse
- nebula contracted into rotating disk that was heated by conversion of gravitational theory to thermal energy
- cooling of the nebular cloud caused rocks and metallic material to condense into tiny particles
- repeated collisions cause the dust-like particles to gradually coalesce into asteroid-size bodies that accredit into planet w/ a few million years
understand the Earth’s internal structure
inner core: solid core: iron + nickel outer core: liquid lower mantle: solid mantle: high density rock upper mantle: solid crust: low density rock
explain the rock cycle
intrusive igneous rock —->
weathering, transport, deposition; breaks down rock that is transported and deposited as sediment —–>
sediment—–>
lithification, compaction, cementation; sediment is compacted + cemented to form sedimentary rock —–>
sedimentary rock—->
metamorphism, heat, intense pressure; when sedimentary rock is buried deep in crust, heat and pressure (stress) turn it into metamorphic rock—>
metamorphic rock—->
melting—->
magma/lava; magma forms when rock melts deep beneath earth’s surface—->
cooling, crystalization=igneous rocks—–>
extrusive igneous rocks
understand major features of continents and ocean basins
- mountain belts: topographically high areas of deformed rocks
- cratons: stable interiors of the continents
- shields: expansive flat regions composed of deformed igneous + metamorphic rocks
- stable platforms: deformed rocks covered by sedimentary rocks
the three types of convergent plate boundaries
- oceanic-continental
- oceanic-oceanic
- continental-continental
how do geologists measure plate motion and calculate plate velocities
age of seafloor and distance from spreading center
from space via GPS
characteristics of minerals and rocks
minerals:
naturally occuring- generally inorganic- solid substance- orderly crystalline structure- definite chemical composition
rock:
a solid mass of minerals or mineral- like matter that occurs naturally
understand atomic components and structure
protons: charge +1
neutrons: charge 0
electrons: charge -1
electrons
exists as clouds of negative charges/orbitals around nucleus composed of protons and neutrons
outermost orbital shell contains valence electrons interact with other atoms to form bonds
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; describes the atoms chemical nature
elements
a group of the same kind of atoms
chemical bonding
two or more elements combine and transfer or share electrons
Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, and Hybrid
Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons until they are surrounded by eight
valence electrons
ionic bonding
atoms gain or lose outermost (valence) electrons to form ions (positively and negatively charged atoms)
covalent bonding
Atoms held together by the attraction of oppositely charged particles
positively charged protons in each nuclei and negatively charged electrons that surround nuclei
metallic bonding
valence electrons are free to migrate
hybrid bonds
some degree of electron sharing and electron transfer
how are minerals formed
Stability – minerals will precipitate or crystallize if bonding allows a lower energy state, compared to the atoms existing as a liquid or gas
precipitation of mineral matter
crystallization of molten rock
