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Geology > Lecture Test 1 Edited > Flashcards

Lecture Test 1 Edited Flashcards

1
Q

vesicular igneous rock formed from felsic magma

A

pumice

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2
Q

nonsilicate mineral in the carbonate group

A

dolomite

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3
Q

mineral with sheet silicate structure

A

muscovite

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4
Q

the most dominant rock associated with oceanic crust

A

basalt

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5
Q

nonsilicate mineral in the native element group

A

graphite

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6
Q

forms chain structures in cooling felsic magma

A

silica

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7
Q

discordant tabular intrusive igneous feature

A

dike

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8
Q

extrusive igneous feature associated with violent eruptions

A

composite volcano

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9
Q

massive intrusive igneous feature commonly composed of granite

A

batholith

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10
Q

first mineral to crystallize, according to Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

olivine

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11
Q

the doctrine of ______ held that the major features of the surface of the earth were created by sudden, short-lived, violent events that no longer occur.**

a. the big bang theory
b. plate tectonics
c. uniformitarianism
d. catastrophism

A

catastrophism

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12
Q

which type of volcanic hazard consists of saturated volcanic material moving rapidly down a slope?

a. Volcanic ash
b. Lahar
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Lava flow

A

lahar

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13
Q

the Earth’s internal heat engine causes hot rocks in the mantle to _____________, whereas colder rocks tend to _____________.**

a. contract and rise; expand and sink
b. expand and rise; contract and sink
c. expand and sink; contract and rise
d. move laterally; stay stationary

A

expand and rise; contract and sink

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14
Q

which of the following is not a force which drives plate motion?**

a. Slab pull
b. Gravitational forces from the sun
c. Ridge push
d. Convective flow

A

gravitational forces from the sun

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15
Q

how long has the continental crust been evolving?

a. over the last 1 million years
b. over the last 2 billion years
c. over the last 4000 years
d. over the last 4 billion years

A

over the last 4 billion years

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16
Q

where are the majority of transform faults located?

a. Southern California
b. On the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge
c. Radiating from convergent boundaries as stress fractures
d. Along mountain ranges that have been thrust up due to collision

A

on the ocean floor offsetting segments of oceanic ridge

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17
Q

Which of the following is not a geologic hazard?**

a. Poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation
b. Volcanic eruptions sending lava flows toward a city
c. Deforestation on a floodplain increasing the severity of river floods causing flooding of towns
d. An earthquake destroying a bridge

A

poor construction materials cause a cracked foundation

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18
Q

The ______ is characterized by physical properties and comprises the crust and uppermost mantle.**

a. asthenosphere
b. lithosphere
c. outer core
d. inner core

A

lithosphere

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19
Q

What property of the crust allowed it to form as the exterior of Earth?

a. Magma at the surface cooled and crystallized before anything in the interior
b. Materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top
c. Churning and upheaval in the interior thrust crustal rocks toward the surface
d. Meteorites impacting Earth deposited this material at the surface

A

materials that make up the crust are less dense and rose to the top

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20
Q

______ are an economically important mineral group.**

a. Carbonates
b. Native elements
c. Oxides
d. All of the above are economically important mineral groups

A

all of the above

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21
Q

Which of the following elements is not abundant in the Earth’s crust?

a. oxygen
b. silicon
c. aluminum
d. uranium

A

uranium

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22
Q

Which of the following is not considered a best management practice?

a. No till planting
b. Leaving strips of permanent vegetation
c. Complete removal of all vegetation
d. Planting tree rows for windbreaks

A

complete removal of all vegetation

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23
Q

The three major classes of rock are known as:

a. crustal, subcrustal, and transitional
b. sedimentary, igneous, and
metamorphic
c. volcanic, plutonic, and transitional
d. weathered, eroded, and cemented

A

sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic

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24
Q

Sedimentary rocks are formed from igneous rocks beginning with the process of _____.

a. erosion
b. crystallization
c. weathering
d. transportation

A

weathering

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25
Q

_____ are the two primary factors that affect the rate of weathering.

a. Climate and rock location
b. Water and rock type
c. Climate and rock type
d. Altitude and rock location

A

climate and rock type

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26
Q

A ________ is a submarine volcano.

a. Seamount
b. Caldera
c. Scoria Cone
d. Dome

A

seamount

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27
Q

Which of the following textures would be the most common texture found in pillow lava?**

a. Aphanitic
b. Pyroclastic
c. Porphyritic
d. Phaneritic

A

aphanitic

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28
Q

Which type of convergence will result in a continental volcanic arc?

a. Oceanic-Continental
b. Oceanic-Oceanic
c. Continental-Continental
d. Hydrosphere-Atmosphere

A

oceanic-continental

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29
Q

________ is a material’s resistance to flowing.

a. Viscosity
b. Volatiles
c. Composition
d. Quiescent

A

viscosity

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30
Q

________ is when iron particles in lavas align their magnetic fields with magnetic north, preserving a record of that pole’s location at that moment in time.

a. Mantle Plume
b. Paleomagnetism
c. Magnetic Reversal
d. Seafloor Spreading

A

paleomagnetism

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31
Q

A ________ is a solid, naturally occurring, cohesive substance composed of minerals or mineral-like
materials.

a. Tetrahedron
b. Mineral
c. Rock
d. Mixture

A

rock

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32
Q

________ bonding links silicon to oxygen atoms in a silica-oxygen tetrahedron.

a. Metallic
b. Ionic
c. Hybrid
d. Covalent

A

covalent

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33
Q

Select the choice below that best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma.

a. Volatiles will reduce the pressure
b. Volatiles will force the magma to contract as it rises
c. Volatiles will shatter surrounding rocks, making it easier for the magma to rise
d. Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

A

volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

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34
Q

Which mineral class makes up most igneous rocks?

a. Carbonates
b. Sulfides
c. Silicates
d. Halides

A

silicates

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35
Q

What is the charge of a single proton?

a. +1
b. -1
c. +2
d. Depends on atomic bond type

A

+1

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36
Q

Steno’s Law refers to _____.

a. the way a mineral cleaves
b. the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
c. the way a mineral fractures
d. the presence of water reducing the melting point of a rock

A

the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral

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37
Q

A(n) ___ is a tentative explanation, whereas a(n) ____ has survived extensive scrutiny over many years and
is in all likelihood true.

a. theory; observation
b. hypothesis; theory
c. theory; hypothesis
d. result; hypothesis

A

hypothesis; theory

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38
Q

What is the source of Earth’s internal heat?

a. The sun
b. Radioactive breakdown
c. Leftover heat from Earth’s formation
d. b and c

A

b and c

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39
Q

What is the definition of eluviation?

a. Decayed organic material
b. Accumulation of fine clay particles
c. Transportation of fine clay particles
d. The collective term for the O, A, E, and B horizons

A

transportation of fine clay particles

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40
Q

true or false

magma mixing can change the composition of a magma body

A

true

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41
Q

true or false

magma is composed of mobile ions of elements, crystals of silicates, and volatiles.

A

true

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42
Q

true or false

parent material is the primary factor that causes differences among soils

A

false

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43
Q

true or false

the jigsaw fit of the continents was used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis

A

true

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44
Q

true or false**

mineral color is less reliable than streak color for mineral identification

A

true

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45
Q

true or false

dissolution is a physical weathering process

A

false

46
Q

true or false

sheet silicate structure will affect the cleavage properties of a mineral

A

true

47
Q

true or false

a mineral is solid, naturally occurring, and organic, with an orderly crystalline structure, and definite
chemical composition

A

false

48
Q

true or false

soil taxonomy is the process by which soil is eroded

A

false

49
Q

true or false

the four spheres on Earth operate independently from each other

A

false

50
Q

Volcanic ash from an eruption settles on the ground and forms the volcanic rock _____.**

a. Pegmatite
b. Tuff
c. Volcanic Breccia
d. Basalt

A

tuff

51
Q

Which of the following would decrease the viscosity of magma?**

a. Increase in slope of volcanic fork
b. Decrease in silica content
c. Decrease in temperature
d. Increase in dissolved gasses

A

decrease in silica content

52
Q

igneous rock that has rapid cooling

A

basalt

53
Q

nonsilicate mineral

A

sulphur

54
Q

mafic silicate mineral

A

pyroxene

55
Q

the most dominant rock associated with our continents

A

granite

56
Q

mineral that will form clay minerals as it weathers

A

potassium feldspar

57
Q

extrusive igneous feature not particularly dangerous or explosive

A

shield volcano

58
Q

intrusive igneous feature that arches sedimentary rock

A

laccolith

59
Q

which of the following textures would be the most common texture found in a batholith?

a. Aphanitic
b. Pyroclastic
c. Porphyritic
d. Phaneritic

A

phaneritic

60
Q

James Hutton was a scientist who developed the idea of _______ to explain the slow, steady changes
responsible for shaping the Earth.

a. Uniformity
b. The Big Bang Theory
c. Plate Tectonics
d. Uniformitarianism

A

uniformitarianism

61
Q

which type of volcanic hazard can decrease global temperatures?

a. Volcanic ash
b. Lahar
c. Pyroclastic flow
d. Lava flow

A

volcanic ash

62
Q

a typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is ________.

a. 2 meters per year
b. 20 feet per year
c. 2 centimeters per year
d. 5 miles per year

A

2 centimeters per year

63
Q

Earth is unique among terrestrial planets in that it________.

a. has liquid water at its surface
b. has an active system of (plate)
tectonics
c. supports a biosphere
d. all of these are unique attributes of
Earth

A

all of these are unique attributes of Earth (ACTUALLY KNOW THEM)

64
Q

_____ are the two primary factors that affect the rate of weathering.

a. Climate and rock location
b. Water and rock type
c. Climate and rock type
d. Altitude and rock location

A

climate and rock type

65
Q

The Earth’s lithosphere is comprised of the

a. crust and uppermost mantle
b. core and mantle
c. asthenosphere
d. uppermost mantle

A

crust and uppermost mantle

66
Q

_____ is a chemical weathering process which releases iron for oxidation.

a. Oxidation
b. Frost wedging
c. Biological activity
d. Hydrolysis

A

hydrolosis

67
Q

________ is a material’s resistance to flowing.

a. Viscosity
b. Volatiles
c. Composition
d. Quiescent

A

viscosity

68
Q

________ bonding links silicon to oxygen atoms in a silica-oxygen tetrahedron.

a. Metallic
b. Ionic
c. Hybrid
d. Covalent

A

covalent

69
Q

Select the choice below that best describes the role of volatiles in an ascending magma.

a. Volatiles will reduce the pressure
b. Volatiles will force the magma to contract as it rises
c. Volatiles will shatter surrounding rocks, making it easier for the magma to rise
d. Volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

A

volatiles will expand with decreasing pressure, carrying the melt upward

70
Q
  1. Steno’s Law refers to _____.

a. the way a mineral cleaves
b. the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral
c. the way a mineral fractures
d. the presence of water reducing the melting point of a rock

A

the fact that angles between crystal faces are consistent for a specific mineral

71
Q

What is the source of Earth’s internal heat?

a. The sun
b. Radioactive breakdown
c. Leftover heat from Earth’s formation
d. b and c

A

b and c

72
Q

Igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks derived from igneous “parents” make up what percentage of the
Earth’s crust?

a. 50%
b. 95%
c. 82%
d. 75%

A

95%

73
Q

true or false

crystal settling can change the composition of a magma body

A

true

74
Q

true or false**

a convergent plate boundary will always remain an area of plate convergence throughout geologic time

A

false

75
Q

true or false

Wegener’s proposal that gravitational forces from the Sun and Moon could move continents was widely accepted by the scientific community

A

false

76
Q

true or false

marble, which is composed of the mineral calcite, is easily dissolved by acid rain

A

true

77
Q

true or false

O, A, and C horizons make up the solum (true soil)

A

false

78
Q

true or false

frost wedging and salt crystal growth are mechanical weathering agents which enlarge cracks in rock.

A

true

79
Q

true or false

the atmosphere is affected by volcanic eruptions

A

true

80
Q

Which of the following is a type of lava flow that has a ropey, smooth surface?

a. Block lava flow
b. Pahoehoe flow
c. Pillow lava
d. Aa flow

A

pahoehoe flow

81
Q

which type of convergence will create a volcanic island arc?

a. Oceanic-Continental
b. Oceanic-Oceanic
c. Continental-Continental
d. Hydrosphere-Atmosphere

A

oceanic-oceanic

82
Q

_____ is a chemical weathering process which is accelerated by _____.

a. Oxidation; the presence of water
b. Oxidation; cool temperatures
c. Sheeting; ice
d. Frost wedging; cold temperatures

A

oxidation; the presence of water

83
Q

what role does water have in the origin of magma within the earth?

a. Water reduces friction between atoms
b. Water reduces pressure on rock
c. Water reduces the melting point of rock
d. Water does not exist in rocks at depth within the earth

A

water reduces pressure on rock

84
Q

diamond and graphite are ______.

a. polymorphs
b. both composed of carbon atoms and the same hardness
c. polymorphs and the same hardness
d. polymorphs and both composed of carbon atoms

A

polymorphs and both composed of carbon atoms

85
Q

The Dust Bowl had profound ________.

a. psychological effects on people living in the areas affected
b. wind erosion
c. economic impacts
d. all of the above

A

all of the above

86
Q

geology

A

scientific study of earth

87
Q

historical geology

A

the study of the origin and development of Earth through time

88
Q

physical geology

A

the study of the earth’s materials and processes + seeking to understand the many processes that operate within and upon our planet

ex. paleontology, mineralogy, and volcanology

89
Q

natural processes

A

ex. flooding occurs in places w/o humans or evidence of human processes

90
Q

geological hazards

A

natural events that have a human impact

ex. sinkholes, earthquakes, hurricanes, volcanoes

91
Q

catastrophism

A

belief that Earth’s landscapes were shaped by great catastrophes

doesn’t really explain how the earth’s processes occur

92
Q

uniformatism

A

the physical, chemical, and biological process that operate today have also operated in the geological past

the present is the key to understanding the past

James Hutton, “Theory of the Earth”

93
Q

the accepted age of the Earth?

A

4.6 billion years?

94
Q

list and describe the Earth’s 4 major spheres + how they relate to the Earth’s system science

A
  1. biosphere: living organisms
  2. hydrosphere: water on or near Earth’s surface; fresh water, saline water, oceans
  3. geosphere: the solid rocky Earth; igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, etc.
  4. atmosphere: gases that envelop the Earth
95
Q

outline the stages of nebular theory

A
  1. the birth of the solar system began as dust and gases (nebula) started to gravitationally collapse
  2. nebula contracted into rotating disk that was heated by conversion of gravitational theory to thermal energy
  3. cooling of the nebular cloud caused rocks and metallic material to condense into tiny particles
  4. repeated collisions cause the dust-like particles to gradually coalesce into asteroid-size bodies that accredit into planet w/ a few million years
96
Q

understand the Earth’s internal structure

A 
inner core: solid
core: iron + nickel
outer core: liquid
lower mantle: solid
mantle: high density rock
upper mantle: solid
crust: low density rock
97
Q

explain the rock cycle

A

intrusive igneous rock —->

weathering, transport, deposition; breaks down rock that is transported and deposited as sediment —–>

sediment—–>

lithification, compaction, cementation; sediment is compacted + cemented to form sedimentary rock —–>

sedimentary rock—->

metamorphism, heat, intense pressure; when sedimentary rock is buried deep in crust, heat and pressure (stress) turn it into metamorphic rock—>

metamorphic rock—->

melting—->

magma/lava; magma forms when rock melts deep beneath earth’s surface—->

cooling, crystalization=igneous rocks—–>

extrusive igneous rocks

98
Q

understand major features of continents and ocean basins

A
  • mountain belts: topographically high areas of deformed rocks
  • cratons: stable interiors of the continents
  • shields: expansive flat regions composed of deformed igneous + metamorphic rocks
  • stable platforms: deformed rocks covered by sedimentary rocks
99
Q

the three types of convergent plate boundaries

A
  1. oceanic-continental
  2. oceanic-oceanic
  3. continental-continental
100
Q

how do geologists measure plate motion and calculate plate velocities

A

age of seafloor and distance from spreading center

from space via GPS

101
Q

characteristics of minerals and rocks

A

minerals:
naturally occuring- generally inorganic- solid substance- orderly crystalline structure- definite chemical composition

rock:
a solid mass of minerals or mineral- like matter that occurs naturally

102
Q

understand atomic components and structure

A

protons: charge +1
neutrons: charge 0
electrons: charge -1

103
Q

electrons

A

exists as clouds of negative charges/orbitals around nucleus composed of protons and neutrons

outermost orbital shell contains valence electrons interact with other atoms to form bonds

104
Q

atomic number

A

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; describes the atoms chemical nature

105
Q

elements

A

a group of the same kind of atoms

106
Q

chemical bonding

A

two or more elements combine and transfer or share electrons

Ionic, Covalent, Metallic, and Hybrid

Octet Rule: Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons until they are surrounded by eight
valence electrons

107
Q

ionic bonding

A

atoms gain or lose outermost (valence) electrons to form ions (positively and negatively charged atoms)

108
Q

covalent bonding

A

Atoms held together by the attraction of oppositely charged particles

positively charged protons in each nuclei and negatively charged electrons that surround nuclei

109
Q

metallic bonding

A

valence electrons are free to migrate

110
Q

hybrid bonds

A

some degree of electron sharing and electron transfer

111
Q

how are minerals formed

A

Stability – minerals will precipitate or crystallize if bonding allows a lower energy state, compared to the atoms existing as a liquid or gas

precipitation of mineral matter
crystallization of molten rock

Geology (6 decks)

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