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Geology > Lecture Test 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

metamorphic rock with non-foliated texture

A

marble

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2
Q

type of metamorphism involving meteorites

A

impact

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3
Q

dating method used by archeologists

A

carbon-14

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4
Q

especially hazardous to man-made earthen dams

A

seiches

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5
Q

sedimentary rock which is composed of calcite

A

limestone

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6
Q

island feature indicative of a volcano subsiding

A

atoll

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7
Q

boundary between the crust and the mantle

A

moho

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8
Q

zone where two continents are welded together

A

suture

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9
Q

area that accumulates deep–sea fan deposits

A

continental rise

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10
Q

deep features associated with convergent plate boundaries

A

deep-ocean trenches

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11
Q

Which of the following makes up the sediment that forms an organic sedimentary rock?

a. Gravel and sand
b. Shells and plant fibers
c. Dissolved minerals
d. Weathered ions

A

shells and plant fibers

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12
Q

________ is a low grade foliated metamorphic rock and _______ is a high grade foliated metamorphic rock.

a. Schist; gneiss
b. Gneiss; slate
c. Shale; slate
d. Slate; gneiss

A

slate; gneiss

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13
Q

Which of the following methods of transportation will result in the coarsest sorting (poorest sorting)?

a. Waves on a beach
b. Streams
c. Glaciers
d. Wind

A

glaciers

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14
Q

Which of the following best describes the appearance and composition of a conglomerate?

a. Angular fragments; well sorted
b. Rounded fragments; poorly sorted
c. Angular fragments; poorly sorted
d. Rounded fragments; well sorted

A

rounded fragments; poorly sorted

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15
Q

Which of the following does not describe the texture of nonclastic chemical sedimentary rocks?

a. Sandy
b. Crystalline
c. Microcrystalline
d. Evaporite

A

sandy

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16
Q

(see picture)
Which of the following geologic formations is the
oldest?

a. A
b. B
c. L
d. E

A

E

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17
Q

(see picture)
Which of the following geologic events is the
youngest?

a. Deposition of E
b. Erosion at S
c. Intrusion of B
d. Faulting at F

A

erosion at S

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18
Q

picture
What type of fault (at F) is shown in the cross section?

a. Dip-slip Normal
b. Dip-slip Reverse
c. Strike-slip Normal
d. Strike-slip Reverse

A

dip-slip normal

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19
Q

picture
The erosional surface at G is an example of what type of unconformity?

a. Angular unconformity
b. Nonconformity
c. Disconformity
d. Inconformity

A

angular unconformity

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20
Q

picture
You know that geologic formation B must be younger than geologic formation N because of what geologic principle?

a. Superposition
b. Cross-cutting relations
c. Original horizontality
d. Inclusions

A

cross-cutting relations

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21
Q

picture

Which of the following diagrams shows how foliation could develop in a rock due to compression (the compression is shown with arrows)?

A

A

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22
Q

Which type of metamorphism will be generated by confining pressure?

a. Contact
b. Hydrothermal
c. Burial
d. Regional

A

burial

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23
Q

Metamorphism can lead to changes in ______.

a. Mineralogy
b. Texture
c. Chemical Composition
d. All of the above

A

all of the above

24
Q

A Benioff earthquake zone is significant in plate tectonics theory because it:

a. locates rift valleys on continents
b. traces the descent of subducting sea-floor lithospheric slabs
c. indicates the location of magma chambers
d. coincides with mid-oceanic ridges

A

traces the descent of subducting sea-floor lithospheric slabs

25
Q

If increasing heat and pressure change bituminous coal into anthracite, the rock has changed from a(n) __________ rock into a(n) _________ rock.

a. black; purple
b. sedimentary; metamorphic
c. igneous, metamorphic
d. sedimentary; igneous

A

sedimentary; metamorphic

26
Q

Which conditions favor fossil preservation?

a. The organism is made of only soft parts and was buried slowly
b. The organism has hard parts and was buried slowly
c. The organism has hard parts and was buried quickly
d. The organism is made of only soft parts and was buried quickly

A

the organism has hard parts and was buried quickly

27
Q

What is the primary difficulty in assigning NUMERICAL dates to the geologic time scale?

a. Not all rocks can be relatively age dated
b. Not all rocks have fossils
c. Not all rocks can be dated by numerical methods
d. Not all rocks are subject to the rule of superposition

A

not all rocks can be dated by numerical methods

28
Q

What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?

a. detrital, organic, porphyritic
b. intrusive, extrusive, felsic
c. detrital, chemical, organic
d. foliated, nonfoliated, contact

A

detrital, chemical, and organic

29
Q

picture
Geologic Cross Section. Name the feature illustrated below.

a. Monocline
b. Anticline
c. Overturned
d. Syncline

A

anticline

30
Q

What contributes to the ductile deformation of a rock?

a. Complete melting and slowly increasing differential pressure on the rock
b. Increasing temperature of the rock and slowly increasing differential pressure on the rock
c. Increasing temperature of the rock only
d. Quickly increasing differential pressure on the rock

A

increasing temperature of the rock and slowly increasing differential pressure on the rock

31
Q

picture
What type of structure is shown on the geologic map below?

a. Dome
b. Basin
c. Anticline
d. Syncline

A

basin

32
Q

In a ________ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall because of _______ stress.

a. reverse; compressional
b. normal; compressional
c. reverse; tensional
d. normal; tensional

A

reverse; compressional

33
Q

All of the following are characteristic of P-waves, EXCEPT:

a. The fastest of the seismic waves, and typically the first to reach a seismometer after an earthquake
b. Movement of wave is compressional
c. Rocks vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of wave propagation
d. Can only travel through solids (not liquids)

A

can only travel through solids (not liquids)

34
Q

What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to record the epicenter of an earthquake?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

3

35
Q

Generally speaking, which seismic waves will have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram and will arrive last to a seismic station?

a. P-waves
b. S-waves
c. Surface waves
d. Surf waves

A

surface waves

36
Q

Use the following geologic map to answer Questions 36 thru 37.
36. What type of geologic structure is shown in the
geologic map?

a. Plunging Anticline
b. Plunging Syncline
c. Normal Fault
d. Reverse Fault

A

plunging syncline

37
Q

If each formation on the map is a different Period,
what is the MOST likely age of the rocks in the
center of the structure (darkest color on the map)?

a. Cambrian
b. Pennsylvanian
c. Mississippian
d. Pennsylvanian

A

mississippian

38
Q

Long-range earthquake predictions can be made by seismologists by:

a. Observing long-term changes in groundwater levels
b. Identifying and counting aftershocks
c. Identifying seismic gaps
d. Observing animal behavior

A

identifying seismic gaps

39
Q

An earthquake has just occurred in your hometown! As you walk the streets with your new geologic knowledge, you notice that some buildings have tilted or appear to have sunk into the ground, but have not completely collapsed. What process is the most likely cause for your observations?

a. Tsunami
b. Aftershocks
c. Liquefaction
d. Solifluction

A

liquefaction

40
Q

The speed of a seismic wave as the wave travels through Earth’s layers depends on ____.

a. The temperature of the material
b. The composition of the material
c. The amount of gas in the material
d. The temperature and composition of
the material

A

the temperature and composition of the material

41
Q

true or false

multiple terrains accreted onto the continental crust of the northwest coast of North America

A

true

42
Q

true or false

index minerals can be used to understand the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism

A

true

43
Q

true or false

the inference that the Earth’s outer core is liquid comes from S-wave shadow zones

A

true

44
Q

true or false

as mountains continue to rise in elevation, the processes of erosion and mass wasting are reduced

A

false

45
Q

true or false

chert, petrified wood, and agate are chemical sedimentary rocks composed primarily of quartz

A

true

46
Q

true or false

the focus is the spot in earth where rock slippage ends when an earthquake ends

A

false

47
Q

true or false

the first sign of a tsunami’s approach is a rapid retreat of water from the shoreline

A

true

48
Q

true or false

the D″ layer is known as the “graveyard” of subducted continental lithosphere

A

true

49
Q

true or false

reverse faults are associated with divergent plate boundaries

A

false

50
Q

true or false

horsts and grabens are bounded by sets of normal faults

A

true

51
Q

What are the characteristics of an index fossil?

a. Found only in small geographic areas and over short time spans
b. Found only in large geographic areas and over short time spans
c. Found only in large geographic areas and over long time spans
d. Found only in small geographic areas and over long time spans

A

found only in large geographic areas and over short time spans

52
Q

(Picture above)
You know that dike M must be younger than pluton K because of which geological principle?

a. Superposition
b. Original horizontality
c. Inclusions
d. Cross cutting relationships

A

cross cutting relationships

53
Q

What is a primary difficulty in assigning NUMERICAL dates to the geologic time scale?

Not all rocks can be relatively age dated
Not all rocks have fossils
Not all rocks can be dated by numerical methods
Not all rocks are subject to the rule of superposition

A

not all fossils can be dated in numerical methods

54
Q

true or false

an asymmetrical fold has limbs that are mirror images of each other

A

false

55
Q

In a ___ fault, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall because of ___ stress.

a. Reverse; compressional
b. Normal; compressional
c. Reverse; tensional
d. Normal; tensional

A

normal; tensional

56
Q

Which of the following might be seen where strike-slip movement has occured?

a. A fault scarp
b. Mountains from the upward motion of the footwall
c. A large region of subsidence from the hanging wall block moving down
d. Offset fenses*

A

offset fences

57
Q

true or false

normal faults are associated with basin and range topography

A

true

Geology (6 decks)

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