Lecture Test 2 Flashcards
metamorphic rock with non-foliated texture
marble
type of metamorphism involving meteorites
impact
dating method used by archeologists
carbon-14
especially hazardous to man-made earthen dams
seiches
sedimentary rock which is composed of calcite
limestone
island feature indicative of a volcano subsiding
atoll
boundary between the crust and the mantle
moho
zone where two continents are welded together
suture
area that accumulates deep–sea fan deposits
continental rise
deep features associated with convergent plate boundaries
deep-ocean trenches
Which of the following makes up the sediment that forms an organic sedimentary rock?
a. Gravel and sand
b. Shells and plant fibers
c. Dissolved minerals
d. Weathered ions
shells and plant fibers
________ is a low grade foliated metamorphic rock and _______ is a high grade foliated metamorphic rock.
a. Schist; gneiss
b. Gneiss; slate
c. Shale; slate
d. Slate; gneiss
slate; gneiss
Which of the following methods of transportation will result in the coarsest sorting (poorest sorting)?
a. Waves on a beach
b. Streams
c. Glaciers
d. Wind
glaciers
Which of the following best describes the appearance and composition of a conglomerate?
a. Angular fragments; well sorted
b. Rounded fragments; poorly sorted
c. Angular fragments; poorly sorted
d. Rounded fragments; well sorted
rounded fragments; poorly sorted
Which of the following does not describe the texture of nonclastic chemical sedimentary rocks?
a. Sandy
b. Crystalline
c. Microcrystalline
d. Evaporite
sandy
(see picture)
Which of the following geologic formations is the
oldest?
a. A
b. B
c. L
d. E
E
(see picture)
Which of the following geologic events is the
youngest?
a. Deposition of E
b. Erosion at S
c. Intrusion of B
d. Faulting at F
erosion at S
picture
What type of fault (at F) is shown in the cross section?
a. Dip-slip Normal
b. Dip-slip Reverse
c. Strike-slip Normal
d. Strike-slip Reverse
dip-slip normal
picture
The erosional surface at G is an example of what type of unconformity?
a. Angular unconformity
b. Nonconformity
c. Disconformity
d. Inconformity
angular unconformity
picture
You know that geologic formation B must be younger than geologic formation N because of what geologic principle?
a. Superposition
b. Cross-cutting relations
c. Original horizontality
d. Inclusions
cross-cutting relations
picture
Which of the following diagrams shows how foliation could develop in a rock due to compression (the compression is shown with arrows)?
A
Which type of metamorphism will be generated by confining pressure?
a. Contact
b. Hydrothermal
c. Burial
d. Regional
burial
Metamorphism can lead to changes in ______.
a. Mineralogy
b. Texture
c. Chemical Composition
d. All of the above
all of the above
A Benioff earthquake zone is significant in plate tectonics theory because it:
a. locates rift valleys on continents
b. traces the descent of subducting sea-floor lithospheric slabs
c. indicates the location of magma chambers
d. coincides with mid-oceanic ridges
traces the descent of subducting sea-floor lithospheric slabs
If increasing heat and pressure change bituminous coal into anthracite, the rock has changed from a(n) __________ rock into a(n) _________ rock.
a. black; purple
b. sedimentary; metamorphic
c. igneous, metamorphic
d. sedimentary; igneous
sedimentary; metamorphic
Which conditions favor fossil preservation?
a. The organism is made of only soft parts and was buried slowly
b. The organism has hard parts and was buried slowly
c. The organism has hard parts and was buried quickly
d. The organism is made of only soft parts and was buried quickly
the organism has hard parts and was buried quickly
What is the primary difficulty in assigning NUMERICAL dates to the geologic time scale?
a. Not all rocks can be relatively age dated
b. Not all rocks have fossils
c. Not all rocks can be dated by numerical methods
d. Not all rocks are subject to the rule of superposition
not all rocks can be dated by numerical methods
What are the three types of sedimentary rocks?
a. detrital, organic, porphyritic
b. intrusive, extrusive, felsic
c. detrital, chemical, organic
d. foliated, nonfoliated, contact
detrital, chemical, and organic
picture
Geologic Cross Section. Name the feature illustrated below.
a. Monocline
b. Anticline
c. Overturned
d. Syncline
anticline
What contributes to the ductile deformation of a rock?
a. Complete melting and slowly increasing differential pressure on the rock
b. Increasing temperature of the rock and slowly increasing differential pressure on the rock
c. Increasing temperature of the rock only
d. Quickly increasing differential pressure on the rock
increasing temperature of the rock and slowly increasing differential pressure on the rock
picture
What type of structure is shown on the geologic map below?
a. Dome
b. Basin
c. Anticline
d. Syncline
basin
In a ________ fault, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall because of _______ stress.
a. reverse; compressional
b. normal; compressional
c. reverse; tensional
d. normal; tensional
reverse; compressional
All of the following are characteristic of P-waves, EXCEPT:
a. The fastest of the seismic waves, and typically the first to reach a seismometer after an earthquake
b. Movement of wave is compressional
c. Rocks vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of wave propagation
d. Can only travel through solids (not liquids)
can only travel through solids (not liquids)
What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to record the epicenter of an earthquake?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
3
Generally speaking, which seismic waves will have the greatest amplitude on a seismogram and will arrive last to a seismic station?
a. P-waves
b. S-waves
c. Surface waves
d. Surf waves
surface waves
Use the following geologic map to answer Questions 36 thru 37.
36. What type of geologic structure is shown in the
geologic map?
a. Plunging Anticline
b. Plunging Syncline
c. Normal Fault
d. Reverse Fault
plunging syncline
If each formation on the map is a different Period,
what is the MOST likely age of the rocks in the
center of the structure (darkest color on the map)?
a. Cambrian
b. Pennsylvanian
c. Mississippian
d. Pennsylvanian
mississippian
Long-range earthquake predictions can be made by seismologists by:
a. Observing long-term changes in groundwater levels
b. Identifying and counting aftershocks
c. Identifying seismic gaps
d. Observing animal behavior
identifying seismic gaps
An earthquake has just occurred in your hometown! As you walk the streets with your new geologic knowledge, you notice that some buildings have tilted or appear to have sunk into the ground, but have not completely collapsed. What process is the most likely cause for your observations?
a. Tsunami
b. Aftershocks
c. Liquefaction
d. Solifluction
liquefaction
The speed of a seismic wave as the wave travels through Earth’s layers depends on ____.
a. The temperature of the material
b. The composition of the material
c. The amount of gas in the material
d. The temperature and composition of
the material
the temperature and composition of the material
true or false
multiple terrains accreted onto the continental crust of the northwest coast of North America
true
true or false
index minerals can be used to understand the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism
true
true or false
the inference that the Earth’s outer core is liquid comes from S-wave shadow zones
true
true or false
as mountains continue to rise in elevation, the processes of erosion and mass wasting are reduced
false
true or false
chert, petrified wood, and agate are chemical sedimentary rocks composed primarily of quartz
true
true or false
the focus is the spot in earth where rock slippage ends when an earthquake ends
false
true or false
the first sign of a tsunami’s approach is a rapid retreat of water from the shoreline
true
true or false
the D″ layer is known as the “graveyard” of subducted continental lithosphere
true
true or false
reverse faults are associated with divergent plate boundaries
false
true or false
horsts and grabens are bounded by sets of normal faults
true
What are the characteristics of an index fossil?
a. Found only in small geographic areas and over short time spans
b. Found only in large geographic areas and over short time spans
c. Found only in large geographic areas and over long time spans
d. Found only in small geographic areas and over long time spans
found only in large geographic areas and over short time spans
(Picture above)
You know that dike M must be younger than pluton K because of which geological principle?
a. Superposition
b. Original horizontality
c. Inclusions
d. Cross cutting relationships
cross cutting relationships
What is a primary difficulty in assigning NUMERICAL dates to the geologic time scale?
Not all rocks can be relatively age dated
Not all rocks have fossils
Not all rocks can be dated by numerical methods
Not all rocks are subject to the rule of superposition
not all fossils can be dated in numerical methods
true or false
an asymmetrical fold has limbs that are mirror images of each other
false
In a ___ fault, the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall because of ___ stress.
a. Reverse; compressional
b. Normal; compressional
c. Reverse; tensional
d. Normal; tensional
normal; tensional
Which of the following might be seen where strike-slip movement has occured?
a. A fault scarp
b. Mountains from the upward motion of the footwall
c. A large region of subsidence from the hanging wall block moving down
d. Offset fenses*
offset fences
true or false
normal faults are associated with basin and range topography
true